Quiz Flashcards
(20 cards)
Allan_______, a white applicant, was denied admission to the University of California, Davis Medical School twice.
The school had a special admissions program that reserved 16 out of 100 spots for minority applicants as part of its affirmative action policy
- Violated 14th amendment’s equal
- Ruling: Won
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
Barbara_______, a white applicant, was denied admission to the University of Michigan Law School.
The school used race as one factor in a holistic admissions process to promote a diverse student body.
- Violated 14th amendment’s equal
- Ruling: Lost
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
SFFA, a group representing students, sued Harvard and University of North Carolina, arguing their race-conscious admissions policies discriminated especially against Asian American applicants.
The universities used race as one factor in a holistic admissions process, aiming to promote diversity.
SFFA claimed this violated the Equal Protection Clause (for UNC, a public school) and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act (for Harvard, a private school receiving federal funds)
- Ruling: Lost
Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023)
Sally_____, and her ex-husband Cecil Reed both wanted to be the administrator of their deceased son’s estate.
Idaho law automatically preferred men over women when choosing between equally qualified applicants.
- Violated 14th amendment’s equal
- Ruling: Won
Reed v. Reed (1971)
Oklahoma had a law allowing females to buy beer at age 18, but males had to be 21.
Curtis ___, a 19-year-old male, challenged the law as sex discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment
- Ruling: Won
Craig v. Boren (1976)
- Serve an important government interest, and
2.Be substantially related to achieving that interest.
-The state’s statistics about men and drunk driving weren’t strong enough to justify the discrimination.
“Intermediate Scrutiny Test”:
A law or policy MUST have a real and strong connection to an important government goal — not just any connection.
substantially related
The Virginia Military Institute (VMI), a public military college, only allowed men to enroll.
The United States sued, arguing this violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Virginia created a separate but equal institution, the Virginia Women’s Institute for Leadership (VWIL), for women. However, the women’s program was different in many ways and didn’t offer the same experiences.
The government argued that sex-based discrimination in public education was unconstitutional.
- Violated 14th amendment’s equal
- Ruling: Won
United States v. Virginia (1996)
When the government or a law uses something like gender discrimination, it must provide exceptionally strong and CONVINCING reasons for doing so much more than usual. This is used in cases of gender discrimination or other important rights
exceedingly persuasive justification
In Colorado, voters passed Amendment 2, which prohibited any local, state, or municipal government from passing laws or policies that protect people from discrimination based on sexual orientation.
The Amendment essentially took away civil rights protections for LGBTQ individuals in Colorado.
Romer and other Colorado residents challenged the law, arguing it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment
- Ruling: Won
Romer v. Evans (1996)
Court held the State of Georgia’s sodomy statute (as applied to homosexuals) was constitutional.( case )
Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)
John __________and Tyron Garner, both adult men, were arrested in Houston, Texas, under the state’s sodomy law for engaging in consensual sexual activity in their own home.
The Texas law criminalized same-sex sexual conduct, but not opposite-sex conduct.
Lawrence and Garner challenged the law, arguing that it violated their right to privacy and Equal Protection under the 14th Amendment
- Ruling: Won
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Edie________ was the surviving spouse of Thea Spyer. The couple, who had been legally married in Canada in 2007, lived in New York, where same-sex marriage was recognized.
Upon Spyer’s death, ________inherited her spouse’s estate. However, under the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defined marriage as between a man and a woman for federal purposes, Windsor was denied the federal estate tax exemption that would have been available to a heterosexual married couple.
_____ argued that DOMA’s definition of marriage violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment
- Ruling:Won
United States v. Windsor (2013)
Jim_______ and John Arthur, a same-sex couple, were legally married in Maryland in 2013. They were seeking to have their marriage recognized in their home state of Ohio, where same-sex marriage was not legal.
Several other same-sex couples from different states (Michigan, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio) also filed lawsuits challenging their state’s refusal to recognize or allow same-sex marriage.
The couples argued that state bans on same-sex marriage violated the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses
- Ruling: Won
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
_________________was a concert series organized by a group of musicians and activists to combat racism.
The City of New York required concert organizers to use city-provided sound equipment and engineers at their expense for events held in Central Park.
-Ward, the city official in charge of overseeing these events, argued that this requirement was to ensure public safety and prevent noise disruption to the surrounding community
- Violated 1st amendment rights
- Ruling:Lost
Ward v. Rock Against Racism (1989).
Pat________, a candidate for the Florida legislature, had his political views criticized in an editorial published by the Miami Herald._________ requested that the Miami Herald publish a right of reply — essentially, a response to the editorial, as provided by a Florida state law.
The law required newspapers to give political candidates a right to reply if they were criticized in any editorial or news article.
- Violated 1st amendment
- Ruling: Won
Miami Herald v. Tornillo (1974)
____________ Company was a radio station that had broadcasted a critical commentary about Fred J. Cook, an author, which Cook felt misrepresented him.
Cook requested that the station provide him with the right of reply, based on the Fairness Doctrine regulated by the Federal Communications Commission
The Fairness Doctrine required broadcasters to present balanced coverage on issues of public importance, which meant that if a station aired content that was critical of someone, it had to offer them a chance to respond.
- Violated 1st amendment
_ ruling: Lost
Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC (1969)
_____________, the owner of a radio station, aired a program titled “Filthy Words,” a monologue by comedian George Carlin, which included explicit language and discussions about profanity.
A listener complained to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), arguing that the broadcast was indecent and inappropriate for children.
The FCC issued a sanction against the radio station, asserting that the broadcast violated indecency regulations that prohibit obscene or indecent content on public airwaves, especially during hours when children were likely to be listening
- Violated 1st amendment
- Ruling:Lost
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
Elmer_________, was a prominent attorney who represented the family of a young man who had been killed by a police officer in Chicago.
A magazine called American Opinion, published by Robert _____, accused of being a communist and part of a plot to undermine the government.
sued for defamation based on these false claims.
argued that the statements made about him were not only false but also damaging to his reputation.
The trial court initially ruled in favor of_______, but the case went up to the Supreme Court because the issue was whether the First Amendment allowed the defamation claim to proceed, especially when the plaintiff was not a public official or a public figure.
Ruling: Won
Gertz v. Welch (1974)
It means the government must treat people FAIRLY and not treat some people worse than others without a good reason.
Equal Protection
