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Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Female Anatomy: Give Functions of Ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, cervix, and mammary alveoli

A

ovaries: make gametes
uterus: houses the fetus
uterine tubes: transports egg to uterus, site of fertilization
vagina: entrance/exit to system
cervix- doorway from vagina to uterus
mammary alveoli- lactation

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2
Q

What are the functions of Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium?

A

endo- lining of the uterus composed of connective tissue and simple columnar epithelium, shed during menstruation
myo- muscly contraction point, thick smooth muscle look
peri- wrap around myo and endo, outer membrane

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3
Q

Details on Oocytes

A

-oocytes are produced in the ovary during the fetal period
-at birth a human already has all the eggs she will have in her lifetime.
-oocytes are encased in follicles

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4
Q

What is ovulation?

A

ovulation: process when the egg is released from the follicle and available for fertilization

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5
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

after ovulation, the follicle remains in the ovary and is called the corpus luteum (light body)
- if menstruation does not occur, the corpus luteum dies and is now called the corpus albicans(white body)

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6
Q

What are the three stages of follicle life without menstruation?

A

follicle-corpus luteum-corpus albicans

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7
Q

Define function of endometrium and what occurs if egg implants or does not implant?

A

Endometrium thickens each month as blood vessels dilate and secretory glands secrete nutrient-rich fluid in preparation for fertilization
- if a fertilized egg implants, it buries itself in this endometrial lining
- if implantation does not occur, the arteries constrict, cutting off blood flow. The endometrial cells die and the endometrium is shed through the vagina (menstruation)

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8
Q

Is the vagina rigid? What kind of pH environment does it have?

A

-stretchy, muscular, not very sensitive
- acidic environment to protect from pathogens (pH: 4-4.5)

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9
Q

What are breasts composed of?

A

-breasts are composed of lobes and lobules of mammary tissue, milk is produced in alveoli

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10
Q

What do Prolactin and Oxytocin do in breast?

A

Prolactin: makes milk
Oxytocin: controls the secretion of milk

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11
Q

What is the pathway of sperm beginning from production?

A

-sperm are produced in the Testis in the Seminiferous Tubules(due to necessary temps for sperm production)
- sperm mature in the Epididymis
-exit the body through the Ductus Deferens (vas deferens)

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12
Q

What are there patches of outside the seminiferous tubules?

A

Patches of endocrine cells producing male reproductive hormones, primarily testosterone.

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13
Q

What is Semen made of and what purposes do they serve?

A

Semen is a mixture of sperm and secretions
-sperm make up only 1% of the volume of semen
- secretions include
: a basic (high pH) component to combat vagina acidity
: sugars to give energy to the sperm
: prostaglandins that trigger muscle contractions in the female reproductive tract, these contractions can cause crypts in vagina that allow sperm to survive for 7 days

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14
Q

What is Differentiation?

A

process of embryonic stem cells to adult cell fates. Differentiation is not reversible in vivo but it is reversible in vitro.

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15
Q

How are “weeks” calculated in human gestation?

A

Calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle of the pregnant person

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16
Q

What is hCG?

A

human ChorioGonadotropin is a hormonal signal produced by the fertilized egg to signal to the ovaries that fertilization has occurred.
-hCG targets corpeous leutum leading to release of estrogen and progesterone to stop menstruation
- maintains the ovarian production of progesterone to prevent menstruation
- peaks around week 12, at this point the placenta can make its own progesterone, so no signaling to the ovaries is necessary

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17
Q

What is the indifferent stage of development ?

A

-first 7 weeks: focus on internal development
- development of reproductive structures is unique: can become testes or ovaries, a penis or a clitoris- all about timing and signals

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18
Q

What is the kick off event of the indifferent stage?

A

the migration of the germ cells (weeks 4/5)
- germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridges

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19
Q

What occurs during weeks 5 and 6 of indifferent stage?

A

with the arrival of the germ cells (weeks 5/6) the surface of the genital ridges begin to differentiate into primordial reproductive structures
- these are long tubes that will become the ducts of the reproductive system

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20
Q

What is the SRY?

A

Sex determining region Y
- SRY contains the genes for 2 signals: testosterone and Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

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21
Q

What are the two types of ducts that embryos have during weeks 8-12 in the presence of SRY signals? What develops and undevelops ?

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) and Paramesonephric (Mullerian)
- testosterone production promotes mesonephric duct differentiation into epididymis and vas deferens
- AMH prevents the development of paramesonephric ducts

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22
Q

What does the mesonephric duct differentiate into in male embryos?

A

testosterone production promotes mesonephric duct differentiation into epididymis and vas deferens

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23
Q

What tubes develop and undevelop in female embryos during weeks 8-12

A

in the absence of testosterone, mesonephric ducts degrade
paramesonephric cords develop into fallopian tubes, uterus, and more

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24
Q

Do hymens break? Explain

A

-most of the time the hymen recedes on its own just before or after birth
- if it remains intact, it becomes very stretchy along with the rest of the vaginal wall in response to hormones of puberty

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25
When do the genital folds form in embryos ?
weeks 5-7
26
Difference between development between of scrotum and labia
Swellings fuse to become scrotum. Swellings stay separate to become labia.
27
Difference between formation of penis and clitoris?
Both are made of sensitive erectile tissue -the tissue elongate to become a penis - it retracts somewhat to become a clitoris
28
What occurs in male and female fetuses regarding the inguinal canal?
Male: testes descend through the canal to come to reside within the scrotum. The Canal is now stretched, results in increase risk for inguinal hernia Female: uterus is shrouded in a ligament. A portion of this ligament passes through the inguinal canal and terminates on the labia majora
29
Who is more at risk for inguinal hernias?
more common in individuals who had descended testicles because the canal is larger
30
What are the results of growth hormone levels being high after birth?
Low levels of testosterone and estrogen. - body is focused on bone and muscle growth
31
What are cartilage and bones tissues responsive to ?
cartilage tissue is responsive to growth hormone bone tissue is responsive to testosterone and estrogen
32
When is growth hormone released?
Sleep and strenuous exercise in children development
33
Why can a lack of exercise limit growth ?
with a lack of weight bearing stress bones will not "know" to grow.
34
What do Vitamin C and D do?
C: required for synthesis of the collagen framework D: absorption and transport of calcium, calcium deposition bone. without calcium would travel through system without being absorbed.
35
What occurs if there is a High Blood Ca2+? What about Low Ca2+?
High Blood: under the influence of calcitonin and estrogen osteoblasts deposit Ca2+ to the bones Low Blood: Parathyroid hormone activates osteoclasts, liberate Ca2+ from bones to blood
36
When do sex hormones promote growth? How about ossification?
At low levels, sex hormones promote growth by increasing secretion of growth hormone At higher levels, sex hormones promote ossification directly, cause ossification of the epiphyseal plates.
37
Def Adrenarche:
increases in androgens from the adrenal gland, androstenedione and DHEA
38
Define Thelarche:
breast development. The breast cells go through due to rising levels of estrogen from the ovaries
39
Define Pubarche:
development of pubic hair
40
Define Menarche
onset of menstruation
41
What are the stages of puberty in men (6)
-proliferation of seminiferous tubules and subsequent growth of testes -appearance of body hair -growth of penis -1st ejaculation -ejaculate has functional sperm (17yo) -fusion of growth plates
42
Stages of puberty in females (6)
-breast development -pubic hair growth -uterus/ovaries/vaginal growth -labial and clitoris growth -menarche (11 yo) - cartilage fusion
43
What is used to measure puberty and what exactly is measured?
The Tanner Scale is used to measure puberty Male: growth of penis and testicles, pubic hair growth Female: breast development and pubic hair growth
44
What is kisspeptin?
it will activate hypothalamus for GnRH release at the start of puberty
45
What three hormones positively regulate GnRH secretion at the onset of puberty?
insulin, ghrelin, leptin
46
What is insulin?
secreted by the pancreas in response to high sugar levels in the blood, positively regulates GnRH secretion by increasing kisspeptin secretion
47
What is Ghrelin?
hormone secreted by the stomach to tell your brain you are hungry, positively regulates GnRH secretion by increasing Kisspeptin secretion
48
What is Leptin?
hormone secreted by adipose tissue when stored nutrient levels are high, positively regulates GnRH secretion by increasing kisspeptin secretion
49
What can lead to an earlier thelarche?
-body height at age of 6-8 - parental smoking -socioeconomic factors leading to nutritional stores.
50
How does the average age of menarche drop every decade?
average age of menarche has dropped by average of 3 months every decade possibly due to increase in food consumption, leading to an increase in body fat stores.
51
Is there a correlation between age of menarche and SES status?
yes and no - there is only significant differences between SES status and/or social stressors in population where these differences also correlate to nutrition.
52
How does menstrual cycle length vary in the first years to later on?
-cycle lengths vary from 21-45 days in years 2 and 3 -"regular" cycle can be seen about 4 years after menarche
53
What is precocious puberty in males and females?
females-breast bud development before age 8 (idiopathic) males- testicular growth before age 9 in anatomical males (almost always due to genetics or tumor development
54
What is delayed puberty in females and males?
females- breast bud development after age 13 males- testicular growth after age 14 typically genetic and accompanies full delay in development (bones, muscles, height are all delayed)
55
What does puberty change in the brain?
-with puberty comes a shift from gray matter to white matter in the brain -this allows the nervous system to work faster -gray matter is unmyelinated and contains most of the brains neuronal cell bodies - white matter is myelinated and allows communication to and from gray matter areas.
56
What are the four sex phases?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution or desire, arousal, orgasm, resolution
57
Who are the researchers known for the sex phases?
Masters and Johnson
58
What is Libido?
sexual desire -controlled by estrogens and androgens(more significant)
59
Why is arousal higher in some phases of the menstrual cycle?
excess estrogen increase arousal
60
brain matter in regards to clitoris and penis?
the clitoris and penis have the same brain destination and same amount of brain matter
61
Pathway of nitric oxide (NO) in excitement?
NO binds to receptor, which increases signaling molecule cAMP, leading to vasodilation in penis and clitoris leading to erection in both sexes. also vasodilation in perineum, breasts, scrotum/labia which increases size and sensitivity of these areas.
62
How does Viagra function?
viagra is a cAMP release stimulator, ultimately leading to vasodilation/erection
63
Describe Plateau phase
marked by the return of the sympathetic NS - increases in heart rate, breath rate, muscle tension -oxytocin causes uterine contraction, elongating the vagina -glands secrete fluid
64
Describe orgasm in men
-smooth muscle contractions in epididymis deliver sperm to vas deferns -bulbourethral, prostate and seminal glands contract and empty contents into urethra - pelvic muscles contract rhythmically to expel semen from urethra -oxytocin surge -there is a refractory period after orgasm
65
Describe orgasm in females
-pelvic muscles contract rhythmically -uterine contractions intensify propelling any deposited sperm upwards in the reproductive tract -oxytocin surge
66
What are the three glands in males that secrete fluid and what are the homologues in female bodies?
prostate- skene's glands in females seminal vesicle- no homologue bulbourethral- bartholin's glands in females
67
Why is fluid ejection in plateau phase leaky?
because there are no pelvic floor muscle contractions to eject with force
68
Describe Resolution in Sex
substantial oxytocin release -parasympathetic dominance systemically: HR and breathing rate slows -sympathetic innervation to genitals causes vasoconstriction, resolving vasocongestion(swelling)
69
What is important to know about infections of the reproductive and urinary structures?
infections are more common in sexually-active individuals or in times of increased sexual activity. They are not all sexually transmitted
70
How can STIs effect the urinary system?
Infections that start externally can reach internally to the kidneys
71
What is the average pH of urine? How about vaginal secretions and childhood & menopause
pH is 4 on average, which is acidic -pH of vaginal secretions at or below 4.5 -pH of 7 in childhood and post-menopause
72
What are the antimicrobial compounds and antibodies in urine, vaginal secretions, and semen?
-urine has 2 antimicrobial compounds: lysozyme and lactoferrin (iron sequestration) - IgA antibodies are found in urine, vaginal secretions and semen -IgG is found in semen as well
73
What two species thrive in the pH shift during puberty?
lactobaccilus (bacteria) and Candida albicans (yeast) - species balance each other and compete for resources. unless there is surplus of resources, they outcompete any intruders
74
What is almost always the causative agent of UTIs?
E. coli from intestine/rectum/anus
75
Why are UTIs 14x more common in anatomical females?
the journey from urethra to bladder in females is shorter - the male pathway is longer and frequently flushed
76
What is Candida Albicans?
-species of yeast that lives all over our bodies - it thrives on sugar, so yeast infections can occur whenever more sugar is available -common after antibiotic treatments because bacteria is diminished, allowing fungus to thrive
77
What is Vaginitis/Vaginosis?
-inflammation of the vagina, associated with itching -fungal or bacteria -with both, a shift in microbiome profile due to a shift in environmental conditions -fungal: candida albicans, yeast infection -bacteria: gardnerella species
78
What is Chlamydia? (general info)
-bacteria STI -most common reportable infection in US -75% of cases are asymptomatic - treatment often depends on screening, rather than seeking treatment
79
Symptoms of Chlamydia in male and female bodied people
male: discharge, painful urination, damage to the urethra. infection can spread deeper into tract, threatening fertility (damage to testes) female: discharge, painful urination, damage to the urethra. damage to the cervix, fallopian tubes, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
80
What is PID?
pelvic inflammatory disease. inflammatory disease of tubes, ovaries, and wall of uterus. -can result in scar tissue that complicates fertility: leads to ectopic pregnancy
81
Describe Chlamydia in neonates
-50% vertical transmission rate - eye infections that can lead to blindness -pneumonia that can lead to death -screening of pregnant people is routine, as is application of antibiotic eye drops
82
Describe Gonorrhea in male and females
male: 10% are asymptomatic, may cause discharge, pain in urethra, untreated may cause inflammation in vas deferens or glands, can lead to infertility female: 50% are asymptomatic, can infect both urinary and reproductive system, causes PID in both: can cross into bloodstream and affect skin, heart, meninges leading to meningitis
83
Gonorrhea in Neonates
-can cause blindness -screening of pregnant people is routine, as is application of antibiotic eye drops -respiratory system can be infected as well
84
What is a Reservoir Population?
carrying and transmitting STI without knowing
85
Why is gonorrhea hard to treat?
gonorrhea has demonstrated immunity to all but one treatment option
86
What are the symptoms in primary Syphilis?
- 10-90 days after infection one or a few chancres will appear at the site of infection (genitals/anus/mouth) - chancres are small and painless chancres and may not be noticed -chancres will last for a few weeks -if treated here, syphilis is cured
87
What symptoms are from secondary Syphilis?
-rash appears, typically on palms of hands and soles of feet (thick skin) - rashes may be so faint they arent noticed -flu like symptoms may accompany rash -secondary syphilis will go away with or without treatment; if no treatment, becomes latent
88
What symptoms are from Tertiary syphilis ?
-infection moves on to other systems (nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal) -10-30 years later, damage can be so extensive as to cause death - bacteria can be treated but damage is unresolvable
89
Symptoms of Congenital Syphilis (neonates)
-deformed bones -sever anemia -enlarged liver and spleen - jaundice -brain and nerve problems, blindness, deafness -meningitis -rashes Syphilis can cross into fetal blood and has already affected baby at birth
90
Info on Human Papilloma Virus
- causes painless genital and oral warts -can lead to cancer - most common strands are preventable by vaccine - virus will self clear in 90% of infections
91
What are the three types of herpes?
HSV-1 (oral and genital) HSV-2 (only genital) HSV-3 (chicken pox)
92
How does Herpes become shingles?
virus initially effects epithelium - it then hides in neurons -neurons are not normally checked by immune system - later in life, the immune system is suppressed, which allows virus to resurface as shingles
93
Herpes in Newborn
-vertical transmission during birth or from contact after birth (usually kissing) - has a 30-80% fatality rate -internal organs can be infected -nervous system infection is common, encephalitis and seizures most common outcomes
94
What is an epidemiological dead end?
patient dies without spreading virus to other people
95
How does HIV infect the immune system?
-helper T cells, a key component of the immune system, are main target -because helper T cells are required to drive other immune responses, when Helper T cell levels decline, immune response is crippled, including memory responses
96
How can you acquire HIV?
-to become infected you must be exposed to the virus and the virus must get to the lymph or blood rather quickly -HIV can only be carried in blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk

Sex Phys (4 decks)

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