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quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of validity : face

A

makes sense according to a lay person

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2
Q

Types of validity : content

A

makes sense according to an expert

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3
Q

Types of validity : predictive

A

properly measure an outcome

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4
Q

Types of validity : concurrent

A

results are the same as other similar outcomes

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5
Q

Types of validity : discriminant

A

scores are high and low as expected

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6
Q

Types of validity : construct

A

measures what it is supposed to

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7
Q

Types of research validity : external

A

can the findings be generalized to a larger group than the one in the study

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8
Q

Types of research validity : internal

A

the extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying

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9
Q

Types of research validity : statistical

A

is the statistical analysis properly chosen and used

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10
Q

anatomy of an article: 6 sections

aimrdr

A
  1. abstract
  2. introduction
  3. methods
  4. results
  5. discussion/conclusion
  6. references
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11
Q

what is selection bias

A

which articles you select to include in your review

which subjects are selected to participate in study

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12
Q

what is publication bias

A

studies w positive results are more likely to get published

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13
Q

hawthorne effect

A

acting differently bc you know u are being watched

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14
Q

recall bias

A

issue w retrospective studies: people may not recall things accurately

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15
Q

MEAN = what

A

what we know as the average

add them all and divide by the number of items

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16
Q

mode = what

A

the number that appears the most

more useful for categorical data

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17
Q

what is a correlational study

A

population survey

uses existing data

looks for statistical association between an exposure and an outcome

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18
Q

what is study heterogeneity

A

studies in a lit review are too different to be compared

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19
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

the idea that your hypothesis will not work

suggests there is no difference between study groups

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20
Q

what are some descriptive study designs

A

CASE STUDY - simplest form of descriptive study - one client only

CASE SERIES - group of similar clients - reports trends

CORRELATIONAL STUDY - population survey - uses existing data

QUALITATIVE STUDY - does not include quantitative statistics or analysis

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21
Q

what are the 2 explanatory studies

A

experimental
observational / analytical

they establish the relationship between two variables

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22
Q

experimental

A

evaluates efficacy

researchers has an active role in the intervention

relationship between exposure and outcome

ethical considerations as researcher is controlling the environments

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23
Q

observational

A

seeks to establish cause, factors and predictors

the investigator observes what is happening

relationship between exposure and outcome

less ethical consideration as exposures and outcomes happen naturally

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24
Q

experimental explanatory studies

before and after tx design

(a practical way to conduct research in your own clinic)

A

involves pre determined hypothesis
eligibility criteria
methods
baseline data
treatment
outcome

more rigorous form of case series

often no control group

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25
experimental explanatory studies clinical trial
intervention study randomized trial randomized controlled trial best design for establishing a cause and effect relationship randomization and inclusion of a control reduces the rick of bias
26
explanatory: observational studies CROSS SECTIONAL
data is simultaneously collected across a population at a particular point in time provides a snapshot of a situation different groups of subjects are compared at the same time
27
explanatory: observational studies CASE CONTROL
"retrospective study" exposure and outcome have already occurred people w the outcome are identified and then compared w people who did not have the outcome
28
explanatory: observational studies COHORT
longitudinal or prospective studies outcome has not yet occurred people are grouped bases on whether they are exposed or not, and then followed to see if they experience the outcome
29
literature review study design
summarize the existing evidence on a topic a question is posed guidelines are set for which types of research will be included in the review the research is analyzed to see how strong it is this is important because if a result is repeated over and over, it is more likely to be true - this is called REPRODUCIBILITY
30
types of literature reviews (3)
1. narrative review - examines a group of studies 2. meta analysis - group of studies that fit into a set of pre selected criteria 3. systematic review
31
what do lit reviews summarize
EXISTING EVIDENCE
32
what is a more in depth search for articles considered
systematic review more refined version of a meta analysis
33
what does p score tell you
the odds of getting a particular result based on # of participants in a study if p score is small enough then we conclude that the outcome is not random less than 0.05 is key
34
what is a false positive
when the null hypothesis is falsely rejected (alpha)
35
what is a false negative
when the null hypothesis is falsely accepted (beta) means missing out on a real effect or difference b/c your test results mistakenly suggest there isn't one "concluding there is no effect when there actually is one"
36
levels of evidence
systematic review critically appraised topics (evidence synthesis and guidelines) critically appraised individual articles (synopsis) randomized controlled trials cohort studies case controlled studies - case series/reports background information/expert opinion
37
what is external validity
can the findings be generalized to a larger group than the one in the study
38
what is internal validity
the extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying
39
the sum of all probabilities always adds up to
1 or 100%
40
what is complement in probability
the chances a thing will NOT happen
41
p-value table P>0.10 means what (TOP OF CHART)
no evidence against the null hypothesis data appears consistent w null hypothesis
42
p-value table 0.05 < P <0.10 =
weak evidence
43
0.01
moderate evidence
44
0.001
strong evidence
45
P<0.001 =
very strong evidence
46
variable types: nominal
category can be dichotomous - yes or no or can have more categories
47
variable types: ordinal
ranked order but distance is not equal between variables (frequency)
48
variable types: interval
numbers, ranked w equal intervals rating scales
49
variable types: ratio
numbers are ranked, equal intervals, zero point is meaningful
50
descriptive statistics
summarize large group of numbers measures of central tendency mean, median, mode
51
descriptive statistics - normal distribution
bell curve the mean is 0 standard deviation is 1 scores occur 50/50 on each side of mean mean, median and mode are =
52
what are inferential statistics
used to make an inference about a population by measuring a part of the population used for estimates and hypothesis testing
53
what is confidence interval
using the margin of error
54
what is a researchers job
to disprove a null hypothesis NOT PROVE
55
correlation does not =
causation
56
when the null hypothesis is rejected then we know that
H0 - H1
57
what does the effect size tell us
tells us HOW wrong the null hypothesis is really important in massage therapy
58
formula for effect size
mean treatment -mean control OVER standard deviation
59
what is odds ratio
one way of calculating an effect size what are the odds that the outcome will happen if there is an exposure you need 1. two dichotomous variables 2. assumption of a casual relationship
60
what is statistical power
likelihood that a significance test will find related to sample size larger effect = needs smaller sample size
61
what is the threshold for power calculation
80%
62
what does power =
1-beta
63
when are parametric tests used
when you have interval or ratio variables (numbers)
64
when are non parametric tests used
for nominal or ordinal variables categories)
65
what are 4 things to look for in clinical research
number needed to treat sensitivity specificity minimal clinically important difference
66
what is validity
the extent to which the results are accurately measured
67
threats to validity - external
lack of randomization, lack of control
68
threats to validity - internal
confounds, bias, history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression, selection, mortality
69
threats to validity - statistical
sample size (power) lack of standardization
70
types of reliability inter-rater
do different raters get the same results
71
types of reliability intra-rater
does the same rater consistently get the same result
72
types of reliability test-retest
is the same result repeated, time and time again
73
what is reliability
the extent to which the outcomes are consistent when the experiment is repeated more than oncewh
74
what is validity
the extent to which the instruments that are used in the experiment measure exactly what you want them to measure
75
reliability vs validity
reliability= outcomes are consistent when repeated validity = measure exactly what you want them to measure

Law and Research (4 decks)

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