quiz 2 Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients?
Macronutrients are required in large amounts (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, fats), while micronutrients are needed in small amounts (e.g., vitamins, minerals).
Name the six elements that make up the macromolecules of life
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S).
What are the macromolecules of life?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
Define autotroph and heterotroph.
Autotrophs produce their own food, while heterotrophs consume other organisms for food.
Define phototroph and chemotroph.
Phototrophs obtain energy from light, while chemotrophs obtain energy from chemical compounds.
What mechanisms do bacteria use to form ATP?
Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation.
Which ATP formation mechanism produces the most ATP in bacteria?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
What are the final electron acceptors in aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation pathways?
Aerobic: Oxygen (O2); Anaerobic: Inorganic molecules other than O2 (e.g., nitrate, sulfate); Fermentation: Organic molecules (e.g., pyruvate).
What is a redox reaction?
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons between two species.
Compare psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic bacteria.
Psychrophilic thrive in cold temperatures (0-20°C), mesophilic thrive in moderate temperatures (20-45°C), and thermophilic thrive in hot temperatures (45-80°C).
Define obligate aerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria.
Obligate aerobic bacteria require oxygen to grow, while obligate anaerobic bacteria cannot tolerate oxygen.
Define facultative aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria.
Facultative aerobic bacteria prefer oxygen but can survive without it, while facultative anaerobic bacteria prefer anaerobic conditions but can survive in oxygen.
What are capnophiles, acidophiles, alkaliphiles, and basophiles?
Capnophiles require high CO2 levels, acidophiles thrive in acidic environments (pH < 5.5), alkaliphiles thrive in alkaline environments (pH > 8.5), and basophiles prefer high-pressure environments.
What is the difference between symbiotic and nonsymbiotic relationships?
Symbiotic relationships involve close interactions between different species, while nonsymbiotic relationships do not involve close interactions.
Compare parasitic, mutualistic, and commensal relationships.
Parasitic: One benefits, the other is harmed; Mutualistic: Both benefit; Commensal: One benefits, the other is unaffected.
Compare antagonistic and synergistic relationships
Antagonistic: One organism harms another; Synergistic: Cooperative interaction for mutual benefit.
What is binary fission?
A method of asexual reproduction in bacteria where a cell divides into two genetically identical cells.
Describe the bacterial population growth curve.
Lag phase: Adjustment period, no division; Log phase: Rapid division and growth; Stationary phase: Nutrient depletion slows growth, cell death equals cell division; Death phase: Cells die off.
What are characteristics of a good antimicrobial agent?
Selective toxicity, broad-spectrum activity, minimal side effects, non-allergenic, stability, cost-effective, and ease of use.
Define synthetic, semisynthetic, and natural antibiotics.
Synthetic antibiotics: Chemically synthesized; Semisynthetic antibiotics: Chemically modified natural antibiotics; Natural antibiotics: Produced by microorganisms.
What are the sources of antibiotics?
Fungi (molds) and bacteria.
Compare bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics.
Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth.
What are the mechanisms of antibiotic actions?
Inhibit cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, cell membrane integrity, and metabolic pathways
What is the lactam ring structure and how is it inhibited?
A key component of beta-lactam antibiotics; inhibited by beta-lactamase enzymes.
