Quiz 2 Flashcards
(63 cards)
What is Attachment?
Refers to an affectional tie that one person (or animal) forms to another specific individual.
Where is the first tie for attachment disorder linked to?
The mother, but may soon be supplemented by attachments to a handful of other specific people.
What is a key component of Freud’s Instinct Theory?
An instinctual drive has a source and an aim, both of which are genetically determined and hence little influenced by environmental variations.
According to Freud, what is the child’s first love object?
The mother’s breast.
When did Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) appear?
1980, in the DSM III
How is RAD (Reactive Attachment Disorder) described?
Describes young children who exhibit limited or absent initiation or response to social interactions with caregivers and aberrant social behaviors.
According to RAD, what happens when the child is distressed?
The child fails to seek or respond consistently to comfort from caregivers and exhibits emotional dysregulation.
What is RAD, essentially?
the absence of a preferred attachment to anyone.
What disorder is RAD most often linked to?
Internalized disorders and converges mostly with depression.
What is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) ?
1) A lack of social reticence with unfamiliar adults.
2) failure to check back with caregivers in unfamiliar settings
3) a willingness to go off with strangers.
What disorder is correlated with DSED?
ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.
What is an interesting correlation between adopted children and attachment disorders?
They may turn to their adoptive parents for comfort, support, and protection, and still show a lack of reticence around strangers and struggle to conform to normal social boundaries.
What is Criteria A for RAD?
There is a constant pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior towards caregivers, manifested by both of the following:
1) The child rarely or minimally seeks comfort when distressed.
2) The child rarely or minimally responds to comfort when distressed.
What is Criteria B for RAD?
A persistent social and emotional disturbance characterized by at least two of the following:
1) Minimal social and emotional response to others
2) Limited positive affect.
3) Episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness that are evident even during nonthreatening interactions with adult caregivers.
What is Criteria C for RAD?
The child has experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient care evidenced by at least one of the following:
1) Social neglect or deprivation in the form of a persistent lack of having basic emotional needs met by adults (comfort, stimulation, affection).
2) Repeated changes of primary caregivers that limit chances for stable connections.
3) Rearing in unusual settings severely limiting opportunities to form selective attachments.
What is Criteria E for RAD?
Criteria are not met for autism disorder
What is Criteria F for RAD?
Disturbance is evident BEFORE age 5
What is Criteria G for RAD?
The child has a developmental age of at least 9 months.
What is the major difference between RAD and DSED?
RAD is basically equivalent to a lack of or incompletely formed preferred attachments. (Thought the lack of attachment)
DSED is when children lack attachments to one or more primary caregivers, in children who display clear selective behavior, and even in children whose attachment behavior is considered secure. (describing social engagement).
What is another correlation between RAD and DSED in children in foster care?
RAD seems to disappear after children are placed in adequate family settings.
DSED signs often persist.
- These are seen in samples of children in foster care, not institutionalized settings.
If children are placed in adequate homes, does that mean that they can obtain secure attachment with their new caregivers?
Not really. It has been shown that signs of either RAD or DSED in the second year of life are predictive of subsequent psychiatric impairment in the preschool years, even if signs of the symptom have diminished or disappeared.
DSED has been shown to persist into adolescence and is associated with peer difficulties, even after children with this disorder have been adopted into nurturing homes.
What is a focus of future direction for children with RSD?
Even if signs of the symptom disappear and children are in good homes, are they still at risk for interpersonal or behavior difficulties?
What does longitudinal research show about family factors on children?
1) Family factors substantially increase the risk of a child manifesting clinically significant disturbances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that can be traced back to infancy or pre-birth before the child is even symptomatic.
2) may also be more stable predictors of later child maladaptation.
What must we be careful of when using neurobiology as “underlying mechanisms” for behavior?
Associations between neurobiological processes and behavioral or relational processes do not establish etiological priority for either level of mechanism.
