Quiz 2 Flashcards
(62 cards)
About how much urine is produced/voided a day (on average)?
1.4L
What is urine an ultra-filtrate from?
Plasma
What do the PCTs do?
Contribute secretions for filtration
Where does concentration occur?
Loop of Henle, DCTs, and collecting ducts
What compound makes up the majority of urine?
Urea
What might a urinalysis reveal information about?
Kidney/liver function, metabolic processes, infectious disease, nutritional status, or other occult disease
Glomerulonephritis, hypertensive nephritis, renal failure, DM, neoplasms, UTI
We routinely monitor urine in patients with _____ (4).
High blood pressure, DM, liver disease, chronic renal disease
What populations do we like to routinely analyze urine for?
Prenatal, childhood, those at risk (lifestyle), and those with a family history
What is the main cause of end-stage renal disease?
Diabetes…. then HTN
How soon do we analyze the urine?
Within one hour, post-void; if refrigerated, four hours
What does CCMS mean?
Clean-catch, Mid-stream
Decreases potential contamination by cleansing external genitalia prior to void
What are alternate collection methods?
Bagged, needle aspiration, catheter
When is the urine the most concentrated? What does it screen for best?
Morning: proteins, bilirubin, nitrites, and functional concentration
What are physical properties observed upon urinalysis?
Color, clarity, specific gravity
What chemical components are measured upon urinalysis?
pH, protein, bilirubin, ketones, glucose, blood, urobilinogen, leukocyte esterase, nitrites
What microscopic findings are useful upon urinalysis?
Cells, microorganisms, casts, crystals, debris
REVIEW UA RESULTS FOR COLOR, CLARITY, AND ODOR
…
How many tests are on the dipstick?
10; 11 if they include ascorbic acid
Why do we look at specific gravity? What’s normal?
Monitors dehydration and ability to concentrate urine
1.010-1.025 (lower in <2y.o.)
What are hyper- and hyposthenuria? What do each indicate?
Continually high or low specific gravity
Hypersthenuria: DM (glycosuria), nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria), drugs, dehydration
Hyposthenuria: DI (ADH insufficiency), diuretics, glomerulonephritis, chronic renal disease (always 1.010 –> isosthenuria throughout the day)
What can give you a high false-positive upon SG analysis?
Proteinuria
Where is glucose suppose to be reabsorbed? When is the plasma concentration threshold for blood glucose to affect glucosuria?
PCTs
160-180 mg/dl
What are causes of glucosuria?
DM, Cushing’s Syndrome, pheochromocytoma, acromegaly, chronic pancreatitis, DRUGS
What can cause a false negative in glucose analysis?
Ascorbic acid