Quiz 2

Question 1

Premises

Answer 1

Statement in an argument offered as evidence or reasons why we should accept the conclusion.

Question 2

Conclusion

Answer 2

The statement in an argument that the premises are intended to prove or support.

Question 3

Statement

Answer 3

a sentence that can be viewed as true or false. ( Red is a color)

Question 4

Rhetorical question

Answer 4

Has grammatical form of a question, but is meant to be understood as a statement.

Question 5

Ought imperative

Answer 5

a sentence that has the form of a command(imperative) but is intended to assert a value ought judgement about what is good or bad.

Question 6

Ought imperative (example)

Answer 6

Do not read beauty magazines. They will only make you feel ugly.

Question 7

Indicator words

Answer 7

provide clues that premises or conclusions are being put forward.

Question 8

Premise indicators

Answer 8

Indicated that premises are being offered.

Question 9

Conclusion indicators

Answer 9

indicate that conclusions are being offered.

Question 10

Purpose of a Report

Answer 10

Convey information about a subject.

Question 11

Unsupported assertions

Answer 11

statements about what a speaker or writer happens to believe. (can be true or false/ Rational or irrational)

Question 12

Conditional statement

Answer 12

“If- Then statement” ( If it rains, then the picnic will be cancelled)

Question 13

Antecedent

Answer 13

The first part of a Conditional statement (If) [IF IT RAINS, then the picnic will be cancelled]

Question 14

Consequent

Answer 14

The second part of a Conditional statement (then) [ If it rains, THEN THE PICNIC WILL BE CANCELLED]

Question 15

Illustrations

Answer 15

Intended to provide examples of a claim, rather than prove or support the claim. ( Many wild flowers are edible, For example daisies and day lilies are delicious in salads. )

Question 16

Chain arguments

Answer 16

Arguments where the Antecedent ( IF) of the first statement is linked to the consequent( THEN) of the last statement by a chain of intervening statements.

Question 17

Explanation

Answer 17

show WHY something is the case, not try to prove THAT it is the case. (Titanic sank because it struck an iceberg).

Question 18

Explanandum

Answer 18

The statement that is explained.

Question 19

Explanans

Answer 19

The statement that does the explaining.

Question 20

Tu quoque (“you’re another”)

Answer 20

Does not respond to objection; claims you can’t object because you’re a hypocrite. ( two wrongs don’t make a right)

Question 21

Begging the Question

Answer 21

Commit a mistake in reasoning by assuming what one seeks to prove. ( circular reasoning) [sunbathing is murder, and murder is illegal, so sunbathing should be illegal]

Question 22

Circular Reasoning

Answer 22

The premise that supports the conclusion is in turn SUPPORTED BY THE CONCLUSION. ( Capital punishment is murder, murder is illegal, so Capital Punishment should be illegal.) [Begging the Question]

Question 23

Are all sentences statements?

Answer 23

No. Questions, Commands, and Exclamations are NOT statements.

Question 24

Simple or Compound statement: Roses are red

Answer 24

Simple Statement

Question 25

Simple or Compound statement: Roses are red and violets are blue

Answer 25

Compound Statement

Question 26

Examples of words introducing premises

Answer 26

Since, For, Because, Given that

Question 27

Examples of words introducing conclusion

Answer 27

Therefore, thus, hence, so, it follows that, accordingly

Question 28

Content

Answer 28

Refers to the TRUTH or FALSITY of the sentences of the argument.

Question 29

FORM

Answer 29

Refers to whether the arguments CONCLUSION FOLLOWS FROM THE PREMISES of the argument. We show the form of an argument by symbolizing it.

Question 30

Valid Argument

Answer 30

If the premises are TRUE, the CONCLUSION MUST BE TRUE.

Question 31

MODUS PONENS ( Valid )

Answer 31

If A then B A Therefore B

Question 32

Affirming the Consequent (Invalid)

Answer 32

If I didnt study for this test I will fail. I didnt study Therefore, I will fail (If P then Q, Q, Therefore P)

Question 33

Is Validity of an argument based on form or content?

Answer 33

FORM. If A, then B, A, Therefore B always VALID.

Question 34

2 reasons a conclusion can be false

Answer 34

1) It is an argument that has TRUE premises but is INVALID | 2) It is a valid argument but has at least ONE FALSE PREMISE.

Question 35

Deductive Arguments

Answer 35

The conclusions are necessarily true if the arguments are valid and the premises true.

Question 36

Modus Tollens (Valid Deductive Argument)

Answer 36

Also known as denying the consequent. A then B -B Therefore -A

Question 37

Disjunctive Syllogism (Valid Deductive Argument)

Answer 37

A v B -A Therefore , B

Question 38

Inductive Arguments

Answer 38

Not meant to guarantee Validity, but argues PROBABILITY.

Question 39

Example of weak inductive argument

Answer 39

Known amount Vs how many total in the world (probability)

Question 40

Example of STRONG inductive argument

Answer 40

- Recent studies | - Agree with previous studies

Question 41

Empirical Generalization (Inductive Reasoning)

Answer 41

A general statement is made about an entire group based on observing some members of a group

Question 42

Three keys for evaluating Inductive Arguments

Answer 42

- Known - Sufficient - Representative

Question 43

Casual Reasoning (Inductive reasoning)

Answer 43

Scientific method.

Question 44

Fallacy

Answer 44

an error in reasoning

Question 45

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Answer 45

A conclusion accepted or rejected because of the person involved. ( Name Calling, Guilt by association)

Question 46

Slippery Slope Argument

Answer 46

Extending an example indefinitely to show that an undesirable result will occur.

Question 47

Example of: Allowing gays in the military will lead to the legalization of gay marriage.

Answer 47

Slippery Slope Fallacy

Question 48

Hasty Generalizations

Answer 48

Reaching a conclusion based on a sample that is biased or too small.

Question 49

Example of: He's from Ireland, he must be Catholic

Answer 49

Hasty Generalization

Question 50

Arguments from False Authority

Answer 50

Accepting a conclusion based on the judgement of someone who IS NOT A RELIABLE AUTHORITY ON THAT ISSUE.

Question 51

Example of : Albert Einstein believed in ghosts so ghosts must actually exist

Answer 51

Arguments from False Authority

Question 52

Appeals to Pity or Popularity

Answer 52

Attempts to argue on the basis of irrelevant information by invoking emotion or common beliefs which may or maynot be true.

Question 53

Example of: I need an A in this course, because if I dont get it , I'll lose my scholarship.

Answer 53

Appeals to Pity

Question 54

Example of : That book must be good, its been on the best seller list for weeks.

Answer 54

Appeals to Popularity.

Question 55

Loaded Question Fallacy

Answer 55

Separate questions or choices are combined unfairly.

Question 56

example of: I asked the defendant if he has stopped beating his wife and he refused to answer so he must continue to beat her.

Answer 56

Loaded Question Fallacy

Question 57

Straw Man Fallacy

Answer 57

Attacking a distortion of an opponent's actual position

Question 58

Example of: The senator wants to cut defense spending, so he must not care if we can't protect ourselves

Answer 58

Straw Man Fallacy

Question 59

False Cause (Post Hoc)

Answer 59

Claiming one thing is caused by another because it follows right afterwards.

Question 60

Example of: Every time I drink alcohol at that restaurant, I sneeze. There must be something wrong with their drinks

Answer 60

False Cause (Post Hoc)

Question 61

The Red Herring

Answer 61

Introducing an irrelevant issue into the discussion to distract attention from the real issue.

Question 62

Example of: Officer, you shouldn't give me a ticket because there are people out there committing much more dangerous actions.

Answer 62

The Red Herring Fallacy ( Distraction)

Question 63

False Dichotomy ( False Dilemma)

Answer 63

Presents only two choices when there may be many more.

Question 64

Example of : America, love it or leave it!

Answer 64

False Dichotomy