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Biobases of Counseling Psych > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

CNS (Central Nervous System)

A
  • Brain and spinal cord

- Doesn’t regenerate lost/damaged tissues

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2
Q

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

A
  • Neurons and nerve fibers that carry info away and into the CNS (i.e., nerve processes outside the CNS)
  • Able to regrow damaged /lost tissues
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3
Q

Afferent Pathway

A
  • Signals going from PNS to CNS (bringing info inward)
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4
Q

Efferent Pathway

A
  • Signals going from CNS to PNS (bringing info outward/exit)
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5
Q

What is the primary cell of the nervous system?

A

Neuron / nerve cells

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6
Q

Where are Schwann cells located?

What are these responsible for?

A
  • Located on axons of peripheral neurons (located in PNS)
  • Glial cells that create myelin to sheath the peripheral neurons, enabling rapid mode of electrical impulse propagation called saltation
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7
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes located?

What are these responsible for?

A
  • Located on axons of neurons in CNS
  • Glial cells that create myelin to sheath CNS neurons, enabling rapid mode of electrical impulse propagation called saltation
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8
Q

Where is Nissl substance (or Nissl bodies) found?

What function are they involved in?

A
  • Located in cytoplasm of neurons, composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) or ribosomes used for protein synthesis (the endoplasmic reticulum is important of this synthesis)
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9
Q

What area of the axon has the lowest threshold for stimulation?
What begins in this area?

A
  • Axon hillock has lowest threshold for triggering action potential
  • Hillock is the start of the axon extension from the cell body
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10
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Action potential jumps from node to node; increases speed of action potential

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11
Q

Neuron types

A

Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar

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12
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Single branch leaves cell body; one end is receptive, the other end is the output zone (only found in human embryos and invertebrates)

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13
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Single dendrite and a single axon arise at opposite ends of the cell body (only found in sensory neurons, e.g., retina, auditory, olfactory)

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14
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Multiple dendritic processes, one axon (most numerous and common cell type in body, both CNS and PNS)

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15
Q

Astrocytes (also Astroglia)

A

Glial cells in CNS that can turn into neurons; provide physical and nutritional support for neurons, clean up “debris”, transport nutrients to neurons, hold neurons in place, digest parts of dead neurons, regulate content of extracellular space

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16
Q

Microglia

A

Glial cell that digest parts of injured or dead neurons (similar to astrocytes) and provide active immune defense in CNS

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17
Q

What type of neuroglial cell is needed for the lining of CSF cavities?

A

Ependymal cells

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18
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Glial cell in CNS involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuron regrowth/repair

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19
Q

Name 2 important ions for pre- and post-synaptic neurotransmitter transmission

A

Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) ions

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20
Q

What area of the brain is known as the reticular formation?

What does this area regulate?

A
  • Located in brainstem (goes up through medulla and into mesencephalon)
  • Regulates sleep/wake cycle (i.e., arousal)
  • Cardiovascular regulation
  • Sensory habituation
  • Pain modulation
  • Somatic motor control
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21
Q

What comprises grey matter?

A

Cell bodies, synapses, dendrites, axon terminal

  • Nerve cell bodies
  • Unmyelinated axons
  • Capillaries
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendricytes
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22
Q

What comprises white matter?

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A

Myelinated axons that connect grey matter together

23
Q

Synapse

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A

Junction where axons make contact with other cells

24
Q

Axon terminal

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A

Endings of axons where they make synaptic connections with other cells

25
Synaptic vesicles
Found in presynaptic terminals; contains neurotransmitters
26
Presynaptic neuron
The initiating neuron
27
Postsynaptic neuron
The receiving neuron
28
Summation
The process of generating an action potential via combination of excitatory and inhibatory impulses
29
Temporal summation
Occurs when the same channel is repeatedly opened, thereby altering the membrane potential further before it has the time to return to normal
30
Spatial summation
Occurs when multiple synapses in nearby locations are stimulated simultaneously
31
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)
- Channels permeable to Cl- and K+ - Inside of cell becomes more negative, causing hyperpolarization potential in postsynaptic cell (i.e., making it less likely that an action potential will be generated)
32
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)
- Channels permeable to Na+ and K+ - Inside of cell becomes more positive, causing depolarization potential in postsynaptic cell (i.e., generating action potential)
33
What are ways to rid the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?
- Degradation: enzymes in synaptic cleft break down neurotransmitter - Autoreceptors: decreases release of addition neurotransmitters when too many are in the synapse (i.e., decrease Ca2+ channels that open)
34
Acetylcholinesterase
- An enzyme that inactivates the neurotransmitter acetycholine at synaptic sites and elsewhere in NS
35
Compare neurons vs. glial cells
• 10-50x more glial cells than neurons - neurons carry nerve impulses (i.e., action potentials), but glial cells CANNOT (although they have resting potential) - neurons have synapses that use neurotransmitters, but glial cells do not have chemical synapses - neurons have 2 processes: axons and dendrites glial cells only have 1 process
36
Input Zone
Cellular extensions called dendrites serve as an input zone, receiving information from other neurons
37
Integration Zone
A Cell Body region or Soma, which contains the cell’s nucleus, may receive additional synaptic contacts. Inputs are combined and transformed in the cell body…
38
Conduction Zone
the Axon leads away from the cell body and is the conduction zone-transmits electrical impulses away from soma.
39
Output Zone
specialized swellings at the end of the axon- axon terminals or synaptic boutons = functional output zone.
40
Nodes of Ranvier
Gap between segments of myelin sheath
41
What does axon initial segment (AIS) consists of?
- Consists of specialized complex of proteins that form part of the proximal axon of a neuron - It is unmyelinated and fxs as site of action potential initiation (important role in maintaining neuronal polarity)
42
What is this and how does it work?
- Lipid bilayer: a sheet of lipids arranged so that the hydrophilic phosphate heads point out to the water on either side of the bilayer and the hydrophobic tails point in to the core of the bilayer; lipids arrange into this structure due to the hydrophobic effect, which creates an energetically unfavorable interaction between the hydrophobic lipid tails and the surrounding water; thus, a lipid bilayer is held together by non-covalent forces that do not involve chemical bonds between molecules
43
Receptors on the opposite side of the synaptic gap bind neurotransmitter molecules. Receptors can respond in either of two general ways. What are they?
- Direct receptor channel (or ionotropic receptor): allows ions to pass through membrane; fast process - Indirect receptor channel (or metabotropic receptor): binding of neurotransmitter to receptor channel causes release of a molecule (i.e., secondary messenger) that indirectly activates nearby ion channels; slow process
44
Receptor
Any structure that is specialized to detect a stimulus. Some are simple nerve endings, like dendrites, others are sense organs; nerve endings combined with connective, epithelial, or muscular tissues that enhance or moderate the response to a stimulus.
45
Mechanoreceptors
Respond to physical deformation of tissue (ie. vibration, touch, pressure, stretch, tension). They include the organs of hearing and balance.
46
Thermoreceptors
Respond to temperature changes.
47
Photoreceptors
Respond to changes in light, found in the eye.
48
Chemoreceptors
Respond to chemical changes, including odors, tastes, and composition of body fluid.
49
Nociceptors
Respond to sensations of pain from tissue damage to trauma (cuts, blows), ischemia (poor blood flow), or excessive stimulation to agents such as heat and chemicals.
50
Exteroceptors
Respond to stimuli arising outside the body. Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Includes the special sense organs (eyes, ears, nose).
51
Interoceptors
Respond to stimuli arising within the body. Sensitive to chemical changes, stretch, and temperature changes inside the body (bladder pressure, nausea, internal pain, etc).
52
Proprioceptors
Sensory neurons that monitor position and movement of body parts. Respond to degree of stretch of the organs they occupy. Monitor how much organs containing these receptors are stretched. Include muscles, tendons, and joint capsules. They can determine how much force is being applied to your limbs allowing you to pick something up without crushing it or dropping it.
53
Simple Receptors
Most receptors are simple in structure and include encapsulated and unencapsulated varieties. Example: Sensory neurons.

Biobases of Counseling Psych (4 decks)

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