Quiz 2

Question 1

Where are adrenal glands located?

Answer 1

Paired organs located in the retroperitoneal space of abdominal cavity superior and anteromedial to kidneys

Question 2

Is the adrenal gland covered by something?

Answer 2

Dense connective tissue, the capsule

Question 3

The gland is divided into two distinct regions?

Answer 3

Secretory parenchyma organized into two regions?

1. Cortex: steroid secreting portion. Lies beneath capsule and constitutes nearly 90% of the gland by weight
2. Medulla; catecholamine secreting portion. Lies deep to cortex and forms center of gland

Question 4

Do the cortex and medulla have the same embryologic origin?

Answer 4

Cortex: from mesoderm

Medulla: from neural crest cells

Question 5

Kidneys and Adrenals relative location

Answer 5

Kidneys located T12 to L3

Adrenals at T12

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

Adrenal Glands Blood Supply

Answer 8

3 inputs

1. Superior input branches from the inferior phrenic artery
2. Medial input from the abdominal aorta
3. Inferior branches from renal artery

1 ouput

1. Right adrenals: inferior input directly into inferior vena cava
2. Left adrenal: left renal veins

Question 9

Zona glomerulosa

Answer 9

Mineralocorticoid (Aldosterone)

Question 10

Zona fasciculata

Answer 10

1. Glucocorticoids
   - cortisol
   - corticosterone
2. Gonadocorticoids
   - DHEA
   - DHEAS
   - androstenedione

Question 11

zona reticularis

Answer 11

1. Gonadocorticoids

• DHEA
• DHEAS

-androstenedione

glucocorticoids

• cortisol
• corticosterone

Question 12

Medulla

Answer 12

Catecholamines

• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

Mineralocorticoids

1. composition
2. Source
3. Major Functions

Answer 15

1. Composition: Steroid Hormones
2. Source: parenchymal cells of zona glomerulosa
3. Function: Aid in controlling electrolyte homeostasis (act on kidne to increase sodium reabsorption and decrease potassium) balance osmotic balance in urine and preventing acidosis

Question 16

Glucocorticoids

1. composition
2. Source
3. Major Functions

Answer 16

1. Composition: steroid hormones
2. Source: Parenchymal cells of zona fasciculata and to lesser extent zona reticularis
3. Major Functions: promote normal metabolism particularly carb metabolism provide resistance to stresss

Question 17

Gonadocorticoids (adrenal androgen) DHEA, DHEAS, and androstenedione

1. composition
2. Source
3. Major Functions

Answer 17

1. composition: Steroid hormones
2. Source: Parenchymal cells of zona reticularis and to lesser extent of zona fasciculata
3. Major Functions: Induce development axillary and pubic hair at puberty cause masculinizing effect

Question 18

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

1. composition
2. Source
3. Major Functions

Answer 18

1. composition: Catecholamines (amino acid derivatives)
2. Source: Chromaffin cells
3. Major Functions: Produce effects similar to those induced by the sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system; increase heart rate

Question 19

Effects of angiotensin 2

Answer 19

1. Sympathetic activity
2. Tubular Na+ Cl- reabsorption and K+ excretion H20 retention
3. Adrenal cortex –> Aldosterone secretion
4. Arterial vasoconstrinction –> increase in BP
5. ADH secretion

Question 20

How is aldosterone secretion?

Answer 20

Liver releases angiotensinogen ( in response to low BP and Na concentration). Renin cleaves angiotensinoge –> angiotensin 1

ACE produced in kidney, adrenal gland, heart converts angiotensin 1 –> Angiotensin 2

Aldosterone released

Question 21

Chromaffin cells

Answer 21

1. Located in adrenal medulla
2. innervated by presynaptic sympathetic neurons
3. Modified neurons with no axonal processes- have a secretory function

Question 22

Two populations of chromaffin cells

Answer 22

1. Contains only dense core vesicles contains norepinephrine
2. Other contains vesicles that are smaller more homogenous, less dense, contains epinephrine

Question 23

What is exocytosis of secretory vesicles triggered by?

Answer 23

Release of acetylcholine that synapse with each chromaffin cell

Question 24

What do glucocorticoids induce?

Answer 24

In the cortex induce the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in chromaffin cells

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

Pheochromocytomas

Answer 26

are neoplasms composed of chromaffin cells, which, like their non-neoplastic counterparts, synthesize and release catecholamines

Question 27

•Dominant clinical manifestation of pheochromocytoma

Answer 27

is hypertension, observed in 90% of patients •Two-thirds of which demonstrate paroxysmal episodes: abrupt elevation in blood pressure (associated with tachycardia, headaches, sweating, sense of apprehension.) • * Cardiac complications can occur due to excessive release of catecholamines – catecholamine cardiomyopathy * Congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, myocardial infarction

Question 28

Lab diagnosis: pheochromocytomas

Answer 28

* Lab diagnosis is based on demonstration of increased urinary output of free catecholamines and their metabolites * Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) * Metanephrines

Question 29

Answer 29

T12