Quiz 2 - Chapters 4-6 - Corrected Flashcards
(25 cards)
The ________ can be described as the electronic map of the retina on the cortex.
c. retinotopic map
The retinotopic map on the LGN has been determined by recording from neurons in the ______ .
c. LGN
The arrangement of ocular dominance columns in the cortex is best described as
a. columns for both the left eye and right eye in each hypercolumn.
In Ungerleider and Mishkin’s (1982) research, monkeys who had had their temporal lobes removed had difficulty
b. discriminating between objects.
The results of the patient D.F., who had visual form agnosia
a. show that perception and action are independent of each other in the brain.
An area in the _______ called the ___________ is specialized to recognize faces.
a. temporal lobe; FFA
Gauthier et al.’s Greeble finding is consistent with the ______ hypothesis.
d. expertise
Computers are better than humans at perceiving objects because
d. none of these; humans are better than computers at object perception.
Structuralists would be most likely to endorse which of the following statements?
c. Perceptions can be explained by the sensations that make them up
Alyson looks at a picture of arrows and sees white arrows pointing to the right against a black background. She looks at the picture longer, and then sees black arrows pointing to the left against a white background. Her perception of the this stimulus is an example of
a. perceptual segregation.
Humans need approximately ____ to perceive the gist of a scene.
a. 250 milliseconds
The _______ effect is that humans perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations.
b. oblique
In studies with monkeys, Sheinberg and Logothetis (1997) presented a butterfly to one eye and a sunburst pattern to the other eye. This research demonstrated that
d. changes in perception are linked to cortical neural firing.
The ability to recognize faces at an adult level does not develop until approximately
d. 18 years of age.
Vaco is playing basketball, and does a “no-look” pass to a teammate. This demonstrates the idea that attention
b. can occur without directly looking at the object.
“Learning from past experience” as a factor involved in attention was demonstrated by Shinoda et al. (2001), who showed that drivers are more likely to detect stop signs when they were positioned
c. at the intersection.
The important finding of Carrasco et al.’s (2004) research was that
b. the attended-to grating is perceived to have a higher contrast than another, identical grating.
Simons and Chabris showed a video of students passing a basketball and asked participants to count how many passes made. In the video, a person in a gorilla suit walked through the basketball players for 5 seconds. Approximately how many of the participants failed to report seeing the “gorilla”?
c. 46
In the ________ procedure participants attend to a central task, but also have to complete a peripheral task.
c. dual-task
R.M., a patient with Balint’s syndrome, reported illusory conjunctions
d. even if he was presented the two stimuli for 10 seconds.
Describe how an object such as a tree is represented in the striate cortex.
When you look at a tree, the image appears as points in the retinal image, and these are represented spatially in the striate cortex.
These points on the retinal image cause activity in the cortex.
If a person is looking at a tree, the image at point N on the tree with cause neurons at point N in the cortex to fire. And the opposite is also true. A neuron at point N in the cortex will have a receptive field located at point N on the retina.
So we can conclude that locations on the retina correspond to locations on the cortex and vice-versa. And if points are close on the retina, they will be close on the brain as well.
However, sometimes certain stimulus take more space on the cortex. Signals from the fovea take more space on the cortex. As the fovea is the area activated for visual acuity, it allows us to see better details of things we are focusing on. However, it also means that what we perceive it is not the same as the image on the brain.
basically objects are represented by location columns and orientation columns in the striate cortex
State, define, and give an example (in words and/or drawings) for each of five Gestalt principles of perceptual organization.
Principle of good continuation:
points that when connected result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest part. The principle operates on surfaces as well: Objects that are partially covered by other objects are seen as continuing behind the covering object.
Example: In the rope magic trick, we were able to see that if you cut a rope and then hold the cut parts together in one hand so that the ends look to be “ glue” together, the audience will perceive the role as one long one and not 2 pieces together. If you are looking at a street lamp from a distance, and a car is located in such a way that the is not fully seen, you can deduce that the lamp pole goes from top to bottom and is not cut in parts where the car is preventing you from seeing the lamp.
Principle of similarity:
Principle of similarity: Similar things appear to be grouped together.
Example: when you are looking at a ball pit, all the balls together seem to belong together. If you thrown in there a teddy bear, it will not belong as it does not match the other objects.
Principle of proximity or nearness:
Things that are near each other appear to be grouped together.
Example: if you see many squares together, they seem to be part of the same scene. So in an image, the tiny pixels are seeing as belonging together instead of independent pixels.
Principle of common region:
Principle of common region: Elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together.
Example: When you see multiple similar objects, such as a group of pencil cases with blue pens inside, the pens will see as belonging to the pencil case and not to the general group of pens.
Principle of uniform connectedness:
A connected region of the same visual properties, such as lightness, color, texture, or motion, is perceived as a single unit.
Example: if you have 2 objects attached to each other, for example a shoestring attached to another shoestring, they are perceived as a unit.
Principle of Pragnanz:
also called the principle of good figure or simplicity, is the central principle of Gestalt psychology: Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.
Example: If you see a square with a triangle together, they are seen as a square and triangle which are simple objects and not a complicated combination of triangle and circle. Also the olympic symbol, you see as circles and not one oddly shaped figure.
Summarize two research studies that show the influence of semantic regularities on perceptual organization.
must discuss 2 research studies - 1. the Palmer study on context 2. the study on “the blob”
Discuss the three factors involved in determining what we fixate on in a visual scene.
Three factors that brings our attention to focus are :
Stimulus Salience : the physical properties of an object such as color and contrast, makes you notice an object. If you see an object that doesnt belong to a picture, for example, a hot dog in the middle of a pool, that will capture your attention.
Selection Based on Cognitive Factors: people have scene schemas, which are preexisting notion of how a common scene should look like. This is also call top-down processing in which your knowledge of a scene, such as the beach or a playground, will help you perceive the scene faster. So if a person looks at a beach and see a tractor, the vehicle wont belong to the scene. In an experiment, this would cause people to look longer at the tractor than the beach sand for example.
Task Demands: Attention is usually given to the task you are performing. If you are brushing your teeth, you would focus on picking the toothbrush, then toothpaste and then carrying the toothbrush to your mouth.
