Quiz 5 - Chapters 13 - 15 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Computer speech recognition is
d. worse than human speech recognition.
The ______ is the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word.
b. phonemes
The problem of variability from the way different people speak can be demonstrated by
d. all of these.
Jessica looks at Ashlee on a videotape. Ashlee’s lips are making the movement for the sound /ga-ga/, but the sound that is actually presented is the acoustic signal for /ba-ba/. What sound is Jessica most likely to report hearing?
c. /da-da/
A fan of science fiction television shows would be more likely to make sense of the phrase “Start Wreck In Tore Prize.” This demonstrates the importance of
d. meaning on segmentation.
Link et al. (2003) studied the perceived meaning of listeners’ to the phrase “Let’s do lunch sometime,” based on the speaker’s inflection and emotional state. These are examples of
a. indexical characteristics.
The research by Rivera-Gaxiola on the effect of Spanish speech sounds on the electrical potentials of American infants shows that speech perception involves
a. experience-dependent plasticity.
The somatosensory system
b. is comprised of cutaneous sensations, proprioception, and kinesthesis.
The Meissner corpuscle is associated with
c. controlling handgrip.
The area on S1 associated with the thumb is as large as the area for the forearm. This is an example of
c. cortical magnification.
The density of the ______ on the fingertips than on the palms.
a. Merkel receptors is higher
In most of our daily experience of touch, we are using
b. active touch.
Neurons in the monkey somatosensory cortex have been found that
d. All of these have been found.
Endorphins
a. are morphine-like substances found in the body.
____ tastes cause an autonomic acceptance response and prepares the gastrointestinal tract for these substances.
b. Sweet
“Across-fiber patterns” is another name for
a. distributed coding
In regard to specificity vs. distributed coding , most researchers conclude
c. basic taste qualities are determined by specificity coding, and distributed coding is important for discriminating subtle differences.
When using the forced-choice procedure in measuring odor detection thresholds, the experimenter should
d. separate trials by at least 30 seconds.
The __________ is the structure that contains the receptors for olfaction.
b. olfactory mucosa
The axons of the olfactory sensory neurons project to the ___________ in the brain.
a. glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
Discuss two sources of the variability problem. Provide examples for each.
-> Variability problem => Variable relationship between the acoustic signal and the sounds that we hear. Which means a particular sound can be associated with a number of different acoustic signals.
Two sources of the variability problem:
- > different speakers. People talk in a variety of ways : slowly, fast, high pitched, low pitched. To take in context, a child my speak grapes in an higher pitch than an adult male.
- > sloppy pronunciation. People pronounce words differently, these words have the same meaning, but different spectograms. For example, someone from Alberta may pronounce “ Toronto” enunciating the letter ‘T’ while someone from Toronto may pronounce “ Torono” changing the sound of ‘t’ to ‘n’ instead.
Discuss what information is used by listeners to accomplish speech segmentation.
Speech segmentation is the perception of individual words in a conversation.
Speakers solve the problem of speech segmentation and divide the continuous stream of the acoustic signal into a series of individual words. One way that helps speakers accomplish this is by understanding the meaning of words. For someone who doesn’t speak the language of a speaker, upon hearing words, the sentence may seem like one fast, continuous stream of attached words. However, if you do know the language being spoken, you can separate the words into a more meaningful sentence.
yes, also transitional probabilities are used
Describe the basic principles of the gate-control model of pain.
must discuss the 3 pathways as to opening or closing the gate
Does distributed coding or specificity coding occur in taste? Support your answer with research.
Both distributed coding and specificity coding occur in taste.
The evidence supporting the existence of receptors that respond specifically to a particular taste has been obtained by using genetic cloning, which makes it possible to add or eliminate specific receptors in mice. Mueller et al. did a series of experiments using chemical compound called PTC that tastes bitter to humans but is not bitter to mice. The lack of bitter PTC taste in mice means they don’t avoid PTC in tests. Mueller used genetic cloning to create a mice who had the ability to perceive bitter taste and when these mice were presented with PTC they avoided it.
The results of these experiments in which adding a receptor makes an animal sensitive to a specific quality and eliminating a receptor makes an animal insensitive to a specific quality have been cited as support for specificity coding - that there are receptors that are specifically tuned to sweet, bitter and umami tastes.
Argument for distributed coding use a parallel with colour vision in which although a long-wavelength light that appears red may cause the highest activation in the long wavelength cone pigment, our perception of red is still based on combined response of long and medium wavelength pigments. In the case of taste, salt stimuli may cause high firing in neurons that respond best to salt, but other neurons are probably also involved in creating saltiness.
Even though there is good evidence for specific taste receptors, distributed coding is involved in determining taste as well, especially at higher levels of the system. One suggestion is that basic taste qualities might be determined by a specific code, but distributed code could determine subtle differences.
