Quiz 2/Midterm 2 Flashcards

Question

Bregma

Answer 1

point on the top of the skull often used as a reference point

Answer 2

used to hold head steady and guide the device to be inserted

Answer 3

1.The atlas indicates the target site a.k.a. coordinates 2.A hole is drilled posterior to the bregma, then the electrode holder goes over the hole and gets lowered in 3.The electrode is anchored to the skull with several stainless steel screws and dental acrylic that is allowed to harden around the electrode connector

Answer 4

Remove, damage, or destroy a part of the brain to observe impact on behavior

Answer 5

suction cortical tissue

Answer 6

heat destroys tissue; subcortical structures

Answer 7

Knife cuts Reversible lesions

Answer 8

-Lesion studies must be interpreted carefully because it is difficult to make small, precise lesions in the brain -Could cut other connections that are the reason for some deficits rather than what you have cut out.

Answer 9

Electrical stimulation may be used to “activate” a structure. Stimulation of a structure may have an effect opposite to that seen when the structure is lesioned.You can stimulate a brain region and see behavioral changes.

Answer 10

You can stimulate a brain region and see behavioral changes. Lesioning a part of motor cortex of a rat and then cannot use the paw, you could also stimulate which causes them to move that region (paw)

Answer 11

Subjects missing a given gene can provide insight into what the gene controls Difficult to interpret results – most behavior is controlled by many genes and removing one gene may alter the expression of others

Answer 12

Insert pathological human genes in mice

Answer 13

hard to generalize the results in humans Used to develop drugs, but the drugs do not usually work for humans

Answer 14

-Understand patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and disturbances in cognitive functioning for differential diagnosis -Assessing changes over time and developing a prognosis -Planning for discharge and treatment implementation (e.g., rehabilitation planning) Identify whether a patient is a good surgical candidate and identify post-surgical cognitive deficits -Evaluation of disability status (compensatory benefits) -Providing guidelines and education for family and caregivers.

Answer 15

-General intellectual functioning (premorbid, current) -Attention (verbal and spatial) -Memory (verbal and spatial) -Language (production, comprehension, dominance) -Visuoperceptual & visuoconstructive -Executive functions (e.g., planning) Motor

Answer 16

measures visual processing and abstract, spatial perception and may be influenced by concentration, attention, and persistence. Matrix Reasoning is an untimed core Perceptual Reasoning subtest. Children are shown colored matrices or visual patterns with something missing.

Answer 17

our tendency to experience difficulty naming a physical color when it is used to spell the name of a different color.

Answer 18

Sustained attention is "the ability to direct and focus cognitive activity on specific stimuli." In order to complete any cognitively planned activity, any sequenced action, or any thought one must use sustained attention. An example is the act of reading a newspaper article.

Answer 19

Asked to raise hands and move fingers, to see if the drug went to the correct hemisphere. If the left hemisphere is put to sleep than the right hand will fall, confirming that the sleep drug worked. Patient will be asked to count as they are moving their hand and then the hand falls . Once left hemisphere is put to sleep and their language is impacted because they stop talking(if this is the case than right hemesiphere will have opposite results) Most speech is in left hemisphere, but some people have it in right

Answer 20

No species can see in the dark, but some are capable of seeing when there is little light Light can be thought of as: Particles of energy Photons Waves of electromagnetic energy (in nanometers) Visible spectrum: 380-760 nanometers

Answer 21

No species can see in the dark, but some are capable of seeing when there is little light Light can be thought of as: Particles of energy Photons Waves of electromagnetic energy (in nanometers) Visible spectrum: 380-760 nanometers

Answer 22

White part- where were able to see as humans -What we see as red, for example, will be different for other species -Different species can see different wavelengths -White light is composed of all the different wavelengths that we see as humans

Answer 23

Sunlight through a prism seperates / bends the wavelengths so that is why a rainbow is showed on the other side

Answer 24

Rainbows happen after storm because there is water droplets in air so the rainbow will shine through and acts as the prism and you can see all the wavelengths

Answer 25

perception of color (or hue)

Answer 26

perception of brightness

Answer 27

Purity of the light wave. Removing wavelengths to see pure colours

Answer 28

determine color, particules

Answer 29

light wave bouncing off

Answer 30

occurs when you have a light wave that will travel through medium to the other of different density, the lightwave will slow down and bend (example light going into water, its different density so it will slow down and bend )

Answer 31

-Refraction explains the rainbow and this is why the colors are always in the same order -When longest wave length is passing through and will not be bending as much and that is why red is at the top -Long waves do not bend as much as they can go longer

Answer 32

bony pockets in the front of the skull

Answer 33

The white tissue of the eye- made of collagen, it is tough and rigid and maintains structure integrity

Answer 34

Mucous membranes that line the eyelid and protect the eye- all over sclera and protects the eye and keeps it moist

Answer 35

Transparent outer covering of the eye that admits light

Answer 36

Pigmented ring of muscles situated behind the cornea. Limit the amount of light that will enter your eye.

Answer 37

Adjustable opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye. Pupils get big when scared because fight or flight and your brain thinks your in danger

Answer 38

Light enters the eye through the pupil, whose size changes in response to changes in illumination.

Answer 39

focuses light on the retina. Refraction.

Answer 40

alter the shape of the lens

Answer 41

-“Nearsighted”, but distant objects appear blurry -Distant objects focus in front of the retina -Concave lenses correct myopia -Eyeball is too long so too much refraction and not allowing to get to the back of the eye -Image is focused in front of retina Need less bending (refraction)

Answer 42

-“Farsightedness”, but cannot focus on near objects -Near objects focus behind the retina Convex lenses correct hyperopia -You want bending and more refraction earlier on to hit the retina -Eyeballs are too short

Answer 43

5 layer tissue at the back of the eye containing the photoreceptors and associated neurons

Answer 44

specialized cells for transduction of light into a neural response

Answer 45

bundle of axons from retinal neurons that leave the eye to form the optic nerve

Answer 46

cranial nerve (II) responsible for carrying visual information to the CNS

Answer 47

high acuity area at center of retina. It is composed of cones allowing vision, no rods

Answer 48

No photoreceptors in the spot Blindspot is 20 degrees off the fovea This dimpled portion of the retina is known as the fovea, and the part of the retina directly in front of where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye is actually known as the blind spot. This is known as the blind spot because no photo receptors are present in this area.

Answer 49

No photoreceptors in the spot Blindspot is 20 degrees off the fovea This dimpled portion of the retina is known as the fovea, and the part of the retina directly in front of where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye is actually known as the blind spot. This is known as the blind spot because no photo receptors are present in this area.

Answer 50

The retina is in a sense “inside-out” Light passes through several cell layers before reaching the photoreceptors Vertical pathway – photoreceptors > bipolar cells > retinal ganglion cells Lateral communication Horizontal cells Amacrine cells

Answer 51

specialized cells for transduction of light into a neural response Cones and rods

Answer 52

A bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells

Answer 53

A neuron that receives visual information from bipolar cells; its axons give rise to the optic nerve

Answer 54

A neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and adjacent bipolar cells

Answer 55

A neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and adjacent bipolar cells

Answer 56

Allow us to see in bright light Allow us to see fine spatial detail (high acuity) Allow us to see different colors Distribution: concentrated in the center of the eye (fovea) Approx 6 million High-acuity colour information in good lighting

Answer 57

Allow us to see in dim light (high sensitivity) Cannot see fine spatial detail Cannot see different colors Distribution:concentrated in periphery (20 degrees from fovea) High-sensitivity, allowing for low-acuity vision in dim light, but lacks detail and colour information

Answer 58

cones and rods mediate different kinds of vision Cones: High-acuity colour information in good lighting Rods: High-sensitivity, allowing for low-acuity vision in dim light, but lacks detail and colour information

Answer 59

In in low light conditions you have high sensitivity but you cannot see well. It is better to look slightly off in low light conditions you can see better (like looking at stars)

Answer 60

Differences in rod & cone vision due in part to convergence – how cells are wired together.

Answer 61

Cones- only a few cones will form a synapse with a ganglion cell increasing acuity, but at the cost of sensitivity under dim lighting conditions. Rods- the axons of many rods synapse onto one ganglion cell, increasing activity but at the cost of sensitivity under dim lighting conditions.

Answer 62

Usually, more intense light appears brighter. Lights of the same intensity but different wavelengths may not all look as bright. A spectral sensitivity curve shows the relationship between wavelength and brightness. There are different spectral sensitivity curves for photopic (cone) vision and scotopic (rod) vision.

Answer 63

Scotopic vision uses only rods to see, meaning that objects are visible, but appear in black and white, whereas photopic vision uses cones and provides color.

Answer 64

Conversion of light to neural signals by visual receptors Discovery – Pigments absorb light

Answer 65

Pigment in rod that is absorb the light wave. It will lose its light and restart after dark. Light has a bleaching effect. Pigment for people to see in low light. Opsin(protein) & retinal (vitamin A). Check levels of vitamin A because it will affect your vision.

Answer 66

rhodopsin’s absorption of light

Answer 67

protein-linked receptor that responds to light rather than to neurotransmitters

Answer 68

constant release of NT glutamate

Answer 69

decreased release of NT glutamate

Answer 70

True: Ganglion cells are the only ones that have power to form action potentials

Answer 71

True: Ganglion cells are the only ones that have power to form action potentials

Answer 72

In darkness rhodopsin is inactive. When the rhodopsin is inactive the rod cells will create a protein that keeps sodium channels open. Sodium ions come in so it depolarizes the rods(release of NT, glutamate). They are synapsing on bipolar rod. Glutamate hyperpolarizes bipolar cells by binding with an inhibitory receptor therefore there is not much glutamate release and Bipolar cells fail to trigger an AP in ganglion cells. Ganglion cells do not fire AP and that is why you do not see in dark

Answer 73

When Rhodopsin is active splits into its constituents. Splitting of Rhodopsin causes sodium channels to close, and the rods become hyperpolarized leading to a decrease in glutamate release. Less glutamate leads to the depolarization of bipolar cells. Inhibiting bipolar cells less. Therefore, bipolar cells are more likely to trigger an AP in ganglion cells. Rods are hyperpolarized, bipolar are depolarized and so is the ganglion More glutamate the more binding to bipolar cells

Answer 74

All visual info is processed by the same visual structures the pathway is the Retina-Geniculate-Striate Pathway The retina is the integrated structure in the pathway Geniculate is the lateral portion of the thalamus and is where visual info is sent Striate (B1) very back of the brain Red- referring information from the left visual field Green-referring information from the right visual field Info from the left visual field is projected to the right side of both retinas Info from the right visual is projected to the left side of both retinas Everything on your left visual field will be represented in your right striate cortex Left visual field, where is the info in the thalamus? Part will stay in right and the left will move to the right thalamus Crosses at optic chiasm Right visual filed- left is on the correct side and right crosses over therefore everything is going to left striate and thalamus

Answer 75

Information received at adjacent portions of the retina remain adjacent in the striate cortex Stimuli exciting adjacent areas of the retina will excite adjacent levels of V1 More cortex is devoted to areas of high acuity About 25% of primary visual cortex is dedicated to input from the fovea Striate has same organization as retina Neurons of 2 hands will stay the same on retina all the way to striate Striate is like the hematogenesis man Looking straight at object is projected on fovea, a quarter of the striate cortex is focusing on the details of the object

Answer 76

nonexistent stripes that visual system creates for contrast enhancement Makes edges easier to see

Answer 77

some scientists say it is most important thing for visual system. If you could not see edges you can not make sense of the world around you

Answer 78

1. The amount of inhibition is greatest when the receptor is intensely illuminated 2. Inhibition has its greatest effect on its neighbors

Answer 79

Physiological explanation-ganglion cells will inhibit its neighbors via the lateral inhibition pathway. The more action potentials equals more inhibition. 2 rectangles, ones intense and one is less bright. Blue circles are the ganglion cells and each of them are processing a part of the visual field, they process the information in from of them. ABC light and FGH is dark yellow. DE are processing the lateral inhibition, (the mach band). More action potentials mean more inhibition, they all firing and inhibiting eachother at the same time. FGH are only firing a little bit because it is not as intense stimulus, ABC is doing opposite. D is inhibited by CE. E is on the darker side and therefore not inhibiting as much as D. D is receiving a brighter band is simply referring to the ganglion cells firing more to D because it is not receiving as much inhibition as the ABC. FGH are not getting much inhibition, E is receiving some from F and a lot of inhibition from D. The brain interprets as something being dark there.

Answer 80

-Circles showing in corners -Ganglion cells that is processing the visual information of where you are looking. -Ganglion cells in intersections are receiving a lot of inhibition. Bright white is causing a lot of inhibition in the intersections. -Ganglion cells in the middle areas are only inhibited a lot from 2 sides and not inhibiting from the darker sections

Quiz 2/Midterm 2 Flashcards

(105 cards)