Quiz 2 Questions

Question 1

What is labeled on the x-axis?

Answer 1

Time periods in which behavior was recorded are indicated on the x-axis (abscissa). (Sessions, Days, Weeks)

Question 2

What is labeled on the y-axis?

Answer 2

Level of behavior is indicated on the y-axis (ordinate). (Frequency, Duration, Intensity of Behavior)

Question 3

What is a phase?

Answer 3

No treatment or treatment is in effect.
Phase could also be either the baseline (No treatment) or treatment (intervention introduced).

Question 4

What is an A-B graph? What do A and B refer to?

Answer 4

A=Baseline and B=Treatment (Used to evaluate the effects of treatment on target behavior)

Question 5

What is an A-B-A-B reversal design?

Answer 5

Extension of simple A-B design (A=Baseline and B=Treatment). Baseline and treatment phases are implemented twice.

Question 6

What is a multiple-baseline design?

Answer 6

Different baseline and treatment phases occur for different subjects, different behaviors, or in different settings. Used when reversal (A-B-A-B) is not ethical or possible.

Question 7

Identify three types of multiple-baseline designs.
Multiple-Baseline-Across-Subjects Design

Answer 7

Same behavior across different people.

Question 8

Identify three types of multiple-baseline designs.
Multiple-Baseline-Across-Behaviors Design

Answer 8

Different behaviors across same person.

Question 9

Identify three types of multiple-baseline designs.
Multiple-Baseline-Across-Settings Design

Answer 9

Same behavior in different settings for same person.

Question 10

What is an extraneous variable?

Answer 10

Any variable not the independent variable influencing the dependent variable in an experiment. Any factor other than treatment affecting behavior.

Question 11

What does it mean to say that treatment is staggered in a multiple-baseline design?

Answer 11

When treatment is implemented at different times. (Treatment is not introduced at same time across all subjects/behaviors/settings) (Purpose is to demonstrate behavior changes due to treatment not time)

Question 12

What is a functional relationship?

Answer 12

Behavior modification procedure causes target behavior to change between procedure and target behavior. (Exists when the independent variable (treatment) causes reliable change in dependent variable (behavior))

Question 13

How do you determine that a functional relationship exists between a target behavior and a treatment procedure?

Answer 13

(Treatment is implemented while controlling other variables. Behavior changes only when treatment is applied. Effect is replicated.)

Question 14

How does an A-B-A-B design help you rule out extraneous variables as cause of behavior change?

Answer 14

Since A-B-A-B design has multiple implementations of the treatment and behaviors only change when the treatment is implemented, we can rule out any other extraneous variables. Repeating the cycle shows replication strengthening internal validity.

Question 15

1. A(n) ________________ is a visual representation of the occurrence of behavior over time.

Answer 15

Graph

Question 16

2. In a graph, the ______________ axis shows the level of behavior.

Answer 16

(Y (Vertical))

Question 17

3. In a graph, the ______________ axis shows the units of time.

Answer 17

(X (Horizontal))

Question 18

4. In an A–B graph, A = _________________ and B = ___________________.

Answer 18

(A=Baseline) (B=Treatment)

Question 19

5. An A–B graph does not demonstrate a functional relationship between the treatment (independent variable) and behavior (dependent variable) because _______________.

Answer 19

(Doesn’t include replication or control for other variables)

Question 20

6. In a research project, you conduct a baseline period for a week. After the baseline, you implement treatment for a week. After the treatment phase, you return to the baseline phase; and after a week in the second baseline, you conduct one more week of treatment. What research design is illustrated in this description?

Answer 20

(A-B-A-B Design)

Question 21

7. In a multiple-baseline-across- ________________ research design, one treatment is implemented for the same behavior of one subject in two or more different settings.

Answer 21

Settings

Question 22

8. In a(n) _____________ research design, there is a baseline phase and a treatment phase, and in the treatment phase, there are different criterion levels for the behavior.

Answer 22

Changing-Criterion

Question 23

9. In a multiple-baseline-across- _______________ research design, one treatment is implemented for the same target behavior of two or more subjects.

Answer 23

Subjects

Question 24

10. In a multiple-baseline-across- ________________ research design, one treatment is implemented for two or more behaviors of the same subject.

Answer 24

Behaviors

Question 25

1. In a graph, what is represented on the y (vertical) axis? ____________

Answer 25

Level of Behavior

Question 26

2. In a graph, what is represented on the x (horizontal) axis? _____________

Answer 26

Units of Time

Question 27

3. What two phases are represented in an A–B graph? ______________ and _______________

Answer 27

(A=Baseline) (B=Treatment)

Question 28

4. When a researcher shows that a behavior modification procedure causes a target behavior to change, the researcher is demonstrating a(n) ____________ between the procedure and the target behavior.

Answer 28

Functional Relationship

Question 29

5. A research design in which a baseline phase is followed by a treatment phase and then both baseline and treatment phases are repeated is called a(n) ________________ design.

Answer 29

A-B-A-B

Question 30

6. In a multiple-baseline-across-subjects design, when treatment is implemented at different points in time for the different subjects, we say that treatment is __________________ over time.

Answer 30

Staggered

Question 31

7. In a(n) ______________ research design, baseline and treatment conditions (or two treatment conditions) are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other.

Answer 31

Multielement (or alternating treatments)

Question 32

8. In a multiple-baseline-across-behaviors research design, the same treatment is implemented for two or more _____________ of the same subject.

Answer 32

Behaviors

Question 33

9. In a multiple-baseline-across-_____________ research design, one treatment is implemented for one behavior of one subject in two or more settings.

Answer 33

Settings

Question 34

10. The _____________ design is not a true research design because there is no replication.

Answer 34

A-B

Question 35

1. A graph is a visual representation of the occurrence of _________________ over time.

Answer 35

Behavior

Question 36

2. You are recording the number of cans of soda you drink each day. On your graph, the x (horizontal) axis is labeled _____________ and the y (vertical) axis is labeled ______________.

Answer 36

(Time (ex: days)) (Number of cans of soda)

Question 37

3. After recording the number of cans of soda you drink each day for 2 weeks, you implement a treatment for 2 weeks to decrease the number of cans you drink each day. What kind of design is illustrated in this example? __________________

Answer 37

(A-B)

Question 38

4. A behavior modification researcher uses a research design to demonstrate a(n) _______________ between a treatment procedure and a target behavior.

Answer 38

(Functional Relationship)

Question 39

5. An A–B design _______________ (is/is not) a true research design.

Answer 39

Is Not

Question 40

6. In a(n) ________________ research design, a baseline phase occurs and then treatment is implemented for a period of time. After treatment, the baseline phase occurs again for a period of time, and then treatment is implemented again.

Answer 40

(A-B-A-B)

Question 41

7. If it would be unsafe to remove treatment once it produces a change in behavior, then you should not use a(n) ________________ research design.

Answer 41

(A-B-A-B)

Question 42

8. You are recording a child’s behavior of saying “please” and “thank you.” After a week of baseline, you use reinforcement to increase the behavior of saying “please.” After 2 weeks of baseline, you then use reinforcement to increase the behavior of saying “thank you.” What research design is illustrated in this example? ___________________

Answer 42

(Multiple-Baseline-Across-Behaviors)

Question 43

9. You are recording a child’s behavior of saying “please” and “thank you” in day care and at home. After a week of baseline, you use reinforcement to increase the behavior of saying “please” and “thank you” at day care. After 2 weeks of baseline, you then use reinforcement to increase the behavior of saying “please” and “thank you” at home. What research design is illustrated in this example? ____________________

Answer 43

(Multiple-Baseline-Across-Settings)

Question 44

10. You are recording the behavior of saying “please” and “thank you” for three different children at school. After a week of baseline for Saul, you use reinforcement to increase the behavior. After 2 weeks of baseline for Petra, you use reinforcement to increase the behavior. After 3 weeks of baseline for Pia, you use reinforcement to increase the behavior. What research design is illustrated in this example? ____________________

Answer 44

(Multiple-Baseline-Across-Subjects)