Quiz 2 shuffle Flashcards
1
Q
Outer 1/3 eyebrows missing can indicate….
A
Hypothyrodism
2
Q
What causes a cherry red spot in the macula?
A
Lysosomal storage disease (Tay-Sach’s)
3
Q
What is most commonly associated with Thyroid Eye Disease?
A
Grave’s disease
4
Q
Name disease:
Muscle Spasms, Poor balance
Frequent falls, Inability to walk, Drooping eyelids, Scoliosis, Joint contractures, Restrictions of mobility, Respiratory difficulty*, Arrhythmias, Cardiomyopathy
A
Muscular Dystrophy
5
Q
What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?
A
Graves’ disease*
- Excess dietary iodine
- Thyroiditis (usually viral, but can become hypothyroidism)
- Benign thyroid or pituitary adenoma
- Tumors of the testes or ovaries (because humangonadotropin hormone can stimulate thyroid)
- Over medication of hypothyroidism
6
Q
Pineal gland produces ____
A
Meletonin
7
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism?
A
Asymptomatic (50%) *Osteoporosis *Subperiosteal absorption (bone indentation) Polyuria and polydipsia Constipation Weakness and fatigue Myalgias Cognitive impairment
8
Q
What is the tx for Cushing’s syndrome?
A
Discontinue steroids
Surgery
Radiation
Medication
9
Q
Thyroid hormones affect the cell in ____
A
The nucleus (the drug is lipophilic)
10
Q
How do you treat diabetes insipidus?
A
Treat with oral ADH. The pee is too dilute
11
Q
What is diffuse axonal injury?
A
Rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury that’s on a microscopic level. Lesions develop in white matter that degrade after trauma.
12
Q
Tx of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
A
Plasmapheresis (separating antibodies), IV immunoglobulin (removes auto-antibodies), Supportive, Spontaneous recovery (usually)
13
Q
Cause: Sudden fever, Stiff neck
Headache, Altered mental status
A
Meningitis
14
Q
What are symptoms of syncope prodrome?
A
Dizziness, loss of vision/hearing, weakness, pallor, clammy skin, nausea.
15
Q
Acromegaly vs gigantism? Acromegaly symptoms? How do you diagnose and treat acromegaly?
A
Acromegaly is excess growth hormone after bones have fused, affects cartilaginous growth. Symptoms: Increased ring or shoe size, Enlarged facial features and skin tags, Increased size of internal organs, Deepening of the voice. Dx via MRI and GH suppression test. Tx medication or surgery
16
Q
What are the ocular complications of Cushing Syndrome?
A
Cataracts
Steroid-response glaucoma
Visual field defects (if they have adenoma)
Microvascular retinopathy (DM because cortisol increase blood sugar)
Central serous choroidopathy (leaky RPE causes swelling)
17
Q
What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? What are the signs and symptoms?
A
-Autoimmune response causing thyroid damage
-Most common cause of hypothyroidism*
Middle aged individuals
Females:Males 10:1
Signs and symptoms
-Low serum T4
-Elevated TSH levels
-Myxedema
-Goiter
18
Q
What is the most common cause of dementia?
A
Alzheimer’s disease
19
Q
What can cause hypertensive crisis?
A
Pheochromocytoma
20
Q
Low vitamin D or light can cause ___in children or ____ in adults
A
“Rickets” in children
“Osteomalacia” in adults
21
Q
What is a lumbar puncture good for?
A
Punting air, dye, or medications in. Sampling CSF
22
Q
What causes reduced capillary permeability in the BBB?
A
Endothelial tight junctions and Thickened basement membrane
23
Q
What are causes of syncope?
A
Fainting can be from orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal syncope (standing too long, anxiety of needles, space monkeys), cardiogenic syncope
24
Q
Cause of encephalitis? Signs and symptoms? How is treatment?
A
Usually viral: Herpes simplex 1 & 2, Arboviruses, Rabies virus. Seizures, stupor, coma. Supportive treatment
25
What are different level types of hormones?
Constant level, variable level, and cyclical
26
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?
```
Muscle cramps and spasm**
Brittle nails
Dry hair
Dry, scaly skin
Abdominal pain
Paresthesia
Seizures
```
27
Cushing disease vs syndrome….
Cushing Disease is excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH; adenoma
More common in women.
Cushing Syndrome is excessive level of cortisol
28
What is the most common cause of death in Alzheimer's disease?
Bronchopneumonia
29
What are the signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus? How do you treat it?
Large head size, Seizures, Headache, Nausea/Vomiting, Blurred/Double Vision, Balance/Gait problem, Incontinence. Treat it with a shunt
30
Inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve is…
Bell's palsy
31
Low Ca causes secretion of ____ by ____
Parathyroid hormone by parathyroid
32
Name disease: Diplopia, Ptosis, Mask-like facial
| Expression, Dysphagia, Weak voice
Myasthenia Gravis
33
What is thyroperoxidate (TPO) and Thyroglobulin antibodies inplicated in?
Hashimotos (auto-immune thyroid damage) and Grave's (auto-ab mimics TSH)
34
What is the most common cause of proptosis and diploipa in adults?
The thyroid eye disease in Grave's disease.
35
Tay-Sachs disease is what type?
Lysosomal storage disease, inherited metabolic disorder. Systemic affecting neurons, too.
36
How do you dx and tx Pheochromocytoma?
```
Diagnosis:
-Serum and urine levels of
-catecholamines
-Abdominal MRI
Treatment
-Surgery
-Alpha- and beta-blockers
```
37
What are the common symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
Truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, skin atrophy, collagen breakdown causing "Stretch marks", facial hair growth
38
Which Leukodystrophy is x-linked?
Adrenoleukodystrophy
39
What is the most common cause of adult pituitary dysfunction?
Pituitary adenoma.
40
What is the 1st and 2nd most common neurodegenerative disorders?
Alzheimer's (1) and Parkinson's (2)
41
What causes Alzheimer's disease?
Build up of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
42
What is Pituitary Apoplexy? Most common causes? Symptoms (2 important ones)?
Pituitary apoplexy is vascular damage to the pituitary. Causes: *Pituitary adenoma, Pregnancy, Postpartum hemorrhage, Sickle-cell, DM, Shock Trauma. SYMPTOMS: headache, syncope, blurred vision, *ophthalmoplegia (double vision), *visual field defects, death possible (adrenal insufficiency,
hypotension/hypoglycemia/SAH)
43
VHL …..
….prevents the growth of tumors
44
What are the causes of hypopituitarism?
Tumor, Infarctions (trauma/TBI, DM, etc.), adiation, Surgery, Postpartum Hemorrhage (Sheehan’s Syndrome)
45
What are most common causes of head injuries?
Car accidents, falls, assaults
46
Name disease: Headache, Confusion, Lightheadedness, Dizziness, Blurred vision or tired eyes, Ringing in the ears, Bad taste in the mouth, Fatigue or lethargy, A change in sleep patterns, Behavioral or mood changes: Memory, concentration, or attention problems
Mild TBI
47
Pheochromocytoma is from…
Excessive production and release of catecholamines
48
Papilledema can indicate what?
Early sign of increased cranial pressure, Brain tumors
49
What is diagnosis of ALS? Treatment?
EMG, Nerve conduction studies, MRI, Serum laboratory testing. Riluzole (glutamate inhibitor).
50
What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Normal pressure but abnormal CSF volume
51
What is treatment of Bell's palsy?
Spontaneous recovery, steroids for inflammation. Make sure it's not a stroke, infection, or trauma, tumor.
52
What are the adrenal disorders?
Cushing’s Syndrome, Addison’s Disease, Conn’s Disease, Pheochromocytoma
53
How is Huntington's diagnosed?
MRI
54
What can cause hypoparathyroisism? How is gender ratio? How tx?
```
Neck surgery*
Autoimmune disease
Radiation Tx of thyroid
Inherited disorders
Men=women
Tx: Calcium carbonate and Vitamin D
```
55
What are leukodystrophies? What diseases they include? What kind of cell death?
Progressive disruption of myelin sheaths. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD), Adrenoleukodystrophy. The cells die causing inflammation.
56
Name disease: Persistent or progressive headache, Repeated vomiting or nausea, Convulsions or seizures, An inability to awaken from sleep, Dilation of one or both pupils, Slurred speech, Weakness or numbness in the extremities, Loss of coordination; Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation
Severe TBI. Also includes mild TBI symptoms
57
What are common co-morbidities of cerebral palsy?
Epilepsy and cognitive impairment
58
Coup vs contrecoup
Coup is head struck, contrecoup is rebound on opposite side of skull.
59
What is the classic triad of meningitis? Which meningitis is more common?
Sudden fever, stiff neck, HA, (altered mental status). Viral is most common (but bacteria, fungi, and parasites can cause it too)
60
Name disease: Resting tremors, Mask-like expression, Slow, quiet speech, Shuffling gait, Stooped posture, Rigid muscles
Parkinson's disease
61
What is the main purpose of the thyroid gland?
It regulates the basal metabolic rate.
62
MRIs are good for…
Soft tissue, safety (not ionizing)
63
What's the tx of pituitary adenoma?
Surgery or medication (to reduce hormone level in blood)
64
Hypo/hyperthyroidism has familial associations?
Hyperthyroidism
65
What is relapsing-remitting MS? What % is progressive MS?
90% of MS respond well to treatment. MS goes into remission (but can come back). Progressive is 20%
66
What happens in Myasthenia Gravis? Demographics?
Antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptor sites causing weakness. Affects women more than men
67
What is Pheochromocytoma?
Tumor of the adrenal medulla that cause Secrete excess catecholamines (NE)
90% benign /10% malignant.
68
Name disease:
| Muscle spasms, Pain, Slurred speech, Blindness, Paralysis, Cognitive decline
Late symptoms of MS
69
Cushing’s Syndrome is from…
High cortisol
70
What hormones are found in the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin, ADH
71
What are the ocular manifestations of Hypothyroidism?
```
1 *Eyebrows; Outer 1/3 missing
2 SLK (superior conj injection)
~50% cases have thyroid issues
3 Exophthalmos (but more common with hyperthyroidism)
```
72
What is the gold standard for evaluating acute brain injury?
Glasgow coma scale.
73
How does Alzheimer's affect genders?
Women more than men
74
What is the Dx, Tx, and complications of Hyperthyroidism?
```
Diagnosis
-Thyroid scan
-Serum TSH
-Thyroid-stimulating Ig
Treatment
-Anti-thyroid medications
-Radioactive iodine treatment
-Surgery
Complications
-Atrial fibrillation
-Osteoporosis
-Thyroid eye disease
-Edematous and erythematous skin
-Thyrotoxic crisis
```
75
How do you diagnose Hashimoto's Thyroiditis? Tx? Untreated complications?
```
Dx: Anti-TPO (thyroperoxidase ) antibody titers, Serum TSH high, low T3, low T4.
Tx: Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
Complications:
Cardiomegaly
Heart failure
Pleural effusion
```
76
How can you tell difference between malignant and benign tumors?
Malignant has inflammation and edema, starts to distort the brain tissue.
77
How do you treat Myasthenia Gravis?
Ach-esterase inhibitor, thymectomy, plasmapheresis (remove offending auto-antibodies)
78
Causes of ICP fluctuations:
Brain edema, CSF obstructions, Intracranial hemorrhage, tumor
79
What can cause osteoporosis?
Hyperthyroidism causes excess calictonin which breaks down bone
80
What are the causes of epilepsy?
Idiopathic, Stroke, Dementia, TBI, Infections, Tumors, Congenital defect or perinatal brain injury
81
What is the order of thyroid tests? (detail)
```
1 *Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3
2 *Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin
aka: TSH-Receptor AB
(+) in Grave’s Disease (90+%)
3 Thyroglobulin antibodies
(+) in Hashimoto’s Disease
(+) in Grave’s Disease
4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies
(+) in Hashimoto’s Disease (95%)
(+) in Grave’s Disease (50-75%)
```
82
What are the causes of Hyperparathyroidism? How do you treat?
```
Neck radiation for thyroid
Adenoma
Carcinoma (rare)
Hypocalcemia (secondary).
Tx with surgury
```
83
What are the risk factors of Myasthenia Gravis?
Thyroid diseases, Diabetes mellitus Type 1, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Demyelinating CNS diseases
84
What is Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome? What are the sign's sympoms?What's the cause?
Upward gaze deficit due to involvement of vertical gaze centers in dorsal midbrain (sup colliculus).
Symptoms: diplopia, difficulty looking up
Signs: lid retraction, defective upgaze, convergence retraction nystagmus, mydriasis with light near dissociation, papilledema
Causes: *pinealomas, *hydrocephalus, CVA, MS, trauma
85
TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the ______ to make ___ which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3
the pituitary gland to make TSH
86
Partial complex seizures symptoms
Loss of awareness, automatisms
87
What is the cause of Bell's palsy?
Inflammatory response after viral infection of (Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I)
88
What are sunset eyes?
Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome.
| The eyes bulge in pediatric hydrocephalus, causing white of eye to be shown in upper eye.
89
What determines hormonal potency?
Concentration and receptors: specificity (fit), affinity (strength), and number
90
Addison’s Disease is from…
Low cortisol and/or low aldosterone
91
What are the ocular manifestation of Parkinson's?
Decreased blink rate, blepharospasm, decreased convergence amplitudes.
92
What are complications of epilepsy?
Difficulty learning, aspiration, brain damage (can be permanent), drowsiness from medication.
93
What is the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease?
Lymphocytic infiltration of the orbital soft tissue
Edema and mucopolysaccharide deposition by fibroblasts
Enlargement of EOMs
94
How often does Bell's palsy happen?
Usually only once
95
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US? In the world?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Iodine deficiency
96
What disease is non-inflammatory disease of striated muscle?
Muscular dystrophy
97
Purpose of CSF?
Buoyancy, Protection, Chemical stability, Prevention of brain ischemia (if BP falls, CSF production can also fall to facilitate blood flow)
98
Partial Simple seizures symptoms
Have no loss of awareness and have limited symptoms
99
What is a myelogram? What does it detect?
A neurologic test that is a dye to detect spinal tumor,
| Herniated disks, Vascular malformations, CSF leaks
100
What is typical head trauma called?
Closed (blunt) head trauma
101
__% of 20 year MS pts are not disabled and can still walk. They typically have a(n) _____ lifespan
66%. Normal lifespan
102
What are the 5 types of endocrine disorders?
Hypo/hyperfunction of a gland, then receptor defect, primary or secondary messenger defect
103
What is Sheehan's syndrome?
Woman bleeds too much in childbirth causing a stroke of the pituitary
104
What is graves disease?
Excess secretion of thyroid hormone because of antibody that stimulates TSH receptor. It is most commonly associated with thyroid eye disease
105
Cataracts can happen in what disease?
Hypoparathyroidism
106
What is cerebral palsy?
Group of syndromes. Permanent, non-progressive damage to motor control areas of the brain
107
What are the neurologic tests for brain tumors?
Myelogram, lumbar puncture, Glasgow coma scale, Cerebral angiography, EEG
108
Chorea is a symptom of what?
Huntington's disease. Chorea is involuntary writhing movements.
109
What can cause Excessive level of cortisol? (Cushing syndrome)
Adrenal adenoma
Adrenal carcinoma
Ectopic ACTH (cancer)
Exogenous steroid use*.
110
Lack of ACTH causes what?
Addison's
111
CT scans are good for…
Looking at bones, space-occupying lesions, they're fast and inexpensive.
112
What are the risk factors of brain tumors?
Ionizing radiation, Immunosuppression, Hereditary syndromes
113
How is epilepsy diagnosed?
2 or more unprovoked seizures typically required for diagnosis
114
___ in the ____ stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3
TRH in the hypothalamus
115
Name disease: Memory loss, Confusion, Aggression, Depression, Dementia, Impulse control problems
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
116
If Guillain-Barré Syndrome is antibody-mediated autoimmune, what hypersensitivity type is it?
II
117
What can cause white dots in palpebral conj?
Conjunctival concretions of hyperparathyroidism
118
What does the Glasgow coma scale include?
Eye opening, motor response, verbal response
119
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is a deficiency in the activity of ___
Arylsulfatase (affects white matter)
120
When does a goiter happen?
Mostly in Hypothyroidism (and also hyperthyoridism)
121
What symptoms of Alzheimer's are early vs. late stage?
Early is memory loss and disorientation, Late is motor loss and aphasia.
122
___% of MS patients have ocular symptoms
66% (optic neuritis)
123
1st and 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in children?
1st Leukemia, 2nd is brain tumors.
124
What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome? What is the cause?
Acute, idiopathic polyneuritis of the PNS. Paralysis starts in the legs and moves up. Autoimmune that triggers from GI/respiration infection. Disrupts myelin sheaths.
125
What is thyroid disease gender ratio?
F > M
126
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? What are the clinical manifestations? What are the risk factors of ALS?
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder of upper and motor neurons. Affects men more than women. Weakness and wasting of extremities, paralysis. Does not affect personality or eyesight. Smoking, lead exposure, military service are risk factors.
127
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
x-linked early onset (3-5 years). Absence of dystrophin. Pseudohypertrophy (muscle replaced with fat). Death by early 30s
128
What are the symptoms of Tay-Sach's disease? At what age does it start?
Motor development delay, Flaccid paralysis, Mental impairment, Blindness, Death. Starts at 6 months of age.
129
Conn’s Disease is from….
Primary hyperaldosteronism
130
What is communicating vs non-communicating hydrocephalus?
Communicating, excess CSF can exit but there is reabsorption problem, non-communicating is where there is an obstruction
131
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures symptoms
Dramatic loss of consciousness, Tonic-clonic convulsions of all extremities, Incontinence, Amnesia of the event
132
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Increases osteoclast activity
Increases Ca reabsorption by kidneys
Increase Ca uptake by intestines
133
Generalized absence seizures symptoms
Staring spell, brief, immediate recovery
134
What are the late signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?
Exophthalmos
Persistent eyelid swelling
Diplopia
Decreased vision in one or both eyes (optic nerve compression)
135
What is a major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state?
diffuse axonal injury
136
Some blue light retinal fibers project to the ___
Pineal gland!
137
What is an addisonian crisis?
Life-threatening low cortisol causing liver dysfunction and low sugar and low aldosterone causes excessive water and Na loss causing low bp, shock, and coma/death.
138
What is TSH-receptor antibody implicated in?
Grave's disease
139
T4 and T4 is stored in the ____ and there is a storage that can last for _____ months
Colloid and can last for 2-3 months
140
What are the demyelinating diseases?
Leukodystrophy, MS, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome
141
TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates the ____ to make _____
thyroid to make T4 and T3
142
What disease does not affect personality or eyesight
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
143
What is Thyroid eye disease? What age typically?
50-70% “thyroid stare” in Graves Disease
*Most common cause of proptosis and diplopia in adults
Also occurs in hypothyroidism, not just hyper
6% of patients are euthyroid
144
How do you diagnose Myasthenia Gravis?
Tensilon (Edrophonium) /ice-pack test, Electromyography (EMG), Anti-ACH receptor Abs
145
```
Name disease:
Numbness or tingling,
Unexplained weakness or
Fatigue,
Double vision,
Decreased acuity
```
Early symptoms of MS
146
What is Swelling of lower legs legs?
Myxedema
147
What is non-spastic cerebral palsy?
Damage outside of pyramidal tracts. 20% of cases. Hypotensicity and ataxia.
148
What is hyperacusis a symptom of?
Bell's palsy
149
Causes of viral meningitis?
Enteroviruses, HSV 2, Varicella zoster, Mumps, Influenza, HIV
150
Diabetes insipidus is a lack of what?
ADH
151
How do you treat cerebral palsy?
Muscle relaxants, Anticonvulsant drugs, Orthopedic surgery / appliances
152
Symptoms of Bell's Palsy
Unilateral facial droop (eyelid does not close), diminished eye blink, hyperacusis, decreased lacrimation
153
What is concussion vs contusion?
Concussion is diffuse, microscopic damage (that probably won't show on MRI). Contusion is brain bruise, localized macroscopic damage (causing edema, increased ICP, and hemorrhage)
154
What is cerebral angiography?
Injection of contrast through the femoral artery. Visualize the cerebral arteries and assess for lesions
155
What are they important symptoms of hypothyroidism?
```
Lethargy
Cold intolerance
Bradycardia
Goiter
Decreased appetite
Constipation
```
156
Early and late Signs and Symptoms of Increased intracranial pressure:
Early: Vomiting, Headache, Papilledema.
| Late: Bradycardia, HTN, Respiratory changes, Herniation
157
What is the Tensilon test?
Helps diagnose Myasthenia Gravis by disabling Ach esterase
158
What are infectious disorders of the CNS?
Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Borrelia bacteria (lyme disease)
159
What can be the cause of a constant runny nose?
Traumatic pneumocephalus. CSF leaks out of nose
160
What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy?
Progressive degenerative disease of the brain from Accumulation of tau protein in neurons. From repeated brain injury.
161
Why do you want to taper steroid use?
To avoid Cushing syndrome (excess cortisol)
162
Which EOMS are more likely to be affected in thyroid eye disease
IM SLO. Inferior is the most affected
163
What thyroid hormone is more plentiful?
T4 is more plentiful than T3
164
What are the most common pituitary tumors?
1 Prolactinoma (PRL)*, 2 Corticotropinoma (ACTH), 3 Somatotropinoma (GH)
165
How do you diagnose MS? How tx MS?
2 or more attacks and MRI showing lesions. Tx Immunosuppression, Amino acid injections, Cortical steroids, Management of symptoms
166
What has an earlier age onset? Hypo/hyperthyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism (15-40 years)
167
What is Addison's disease? What causes Addison's disease? How diagnose?
Primary adrenal insufficiency (not enough cortisol/aldosterone release). 80% are auto-immune destruction of adrenal gland. Diagnose with ACTH stimulation test or presence of anti-adrenal antibodies.
168
PETs are good for….
Showing function rather than structural.
169
What are the early and signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?
```
Foreign body sensation
Redness
Tearing
Photophobia
Morning puffiness of the eyelids
```
170
What can rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury cause?
diffuse axonal injury
171
What's the ocular manifestation of pituitary adenoma?
Tunnel vision (Bi-temporal visual field loss). Defect starts superior then spreads inferior
172
____ is used for epilepsy surgical candidates and tumor biopsy
PET scans
173
What is the order of thyroid tests? (wo/detail)
1 *Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3
2 *Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin
3 Thyroglobulin antibodies
4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies
174
What are the causes of hypothyroidsm?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis*
Insufficient Iodine dietary intake*
Congenital (birth) defects
Radiation treatments to the neck
Radioactive iodine used to treat hyperthroidism
Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland
Viral thyroiditis
175
What is traumatic pneumocephalus?
Air moves to the subdural space from injury to a nasal sinus. This can cause cerebrospinal rhinorrhea?
176
What does Huntington's disease affect? What kind of inheritance?
Basal ganglia and cortex. Autosomal dominant
177
MS: __% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. __% rapidly progress. __% mild to moderately symptomatic
20% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. 20% rapidly progress. 60% mild to moderately symptomatic
178
What are the major signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
```
Heat intolerance
Increased GI motility
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Goiter (but more common in hypothyroidism)
```
179
___% of cancers are primary brain tumors. are metastatic.
1.4% of cancers are primary brain tumors. Majority are metastatic….like from lung
180
What are signs and symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?
```
Hypertension
Headache
Flushing
Diaphoresis
Tachycardia
Heat intolerance
Weight loss
```
181
What can pinealoma cause?
Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome
182
What is spastic Cerebral palsy?
Upper motor neuron damage. 70-80% of cases. Has hypertonic, tense muscles
183
When should you call 911 for a seizure?
When it lasts for more than 10 minutes
184
What is the ice-pack test?
Icepack decreases Ach-esterase, reliving symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis. This can help diagnose MG
185
What are the primary brain tumor types? What are the secondary brain tumor types?
Glioma (30%), meningioma (benign), pituitary adenoma (benign), and nerve sheath tumors. Secondary is from lung (48%), breast, urogenital, osteosarcoma
186
Hypo/hyper thyroidism is more common than the other?
Hypothyroidism is more common
187
Name disease: weakness that worsens with activity?
Myasthenia Gravis
188
Which hormone is life-threatening if cut off?
ACTH because….
189
Causes of bacterial meningitis? What complications can happen?
Strep. Pneumoniae*, Neisseria meningitides, H. influenzae type b. Hearing loss and brain damage
190
What disease is more common in colder climates?
Multiple Sclerosis
191
Riluzole treat's what?
ALS
192
blockage or destruction of ACh receptors is in what disease?
myasthenia gravis
193
Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I can cause....
Bell's palsy
