Path II quiz 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What does the Glasgow coma scale include?
A
Eye opening, motor response, verbal response
2
Q
Name disease: Headache, Confusion, Lightheadedness, Dizziness, Blurred vision or tired eyes, Ringing in the ears, Bad taste in the mouth, Fatigue or lethargy, A change in sleep patterns, Behavioral or mood changes: Memory, concentration, or attention problems
A
Mild TBI
3
Q
Reversed
Upward gaze deficit due to involvement of vertical gaze centers in dorsal midbrain (sup colliculus). Symptoms: diplopia, difficulty looking up Signs: lid retraction, defective upgaze, convergence retraction nystagmus, mydriasis with light near dissociation, papilledema Causes: *pinealomas, *hydrocephalus, CVA, MS, trauma
A
What is Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome? What are the sign’s sympoms?What’s the cause?
4
Q
Reversed
Woman bleeds too much in childbirth causing a stroke of the pituitary
A
What is Sheehan’s syndrome?
5
Q
Reversed
Muscle relaxants, Anticonvulsant drugs, Orthopedic surgery / appliances
A
How do you treat cerebral palsy?
6
Q
Reversed
Life-threatening low cortisol causing liver dysfunction and low sugar and low aldosterone causes excessive water and Na loss causing low bp, shock, and coma/death.
A
What is an addisonian crisis?
7
Q
Reversed
Concentration and receptors: specificity (fit), affinity (strength), and number
A
What determines hormonal potency?
8
Q
Diabetes insipidus is a lack of what?
A
ADH
9
Q
Reversed
Normal pressure but abnormal CSF volume
A
What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?
10
Q
Reversed
Primary hyperaldosteronism
A
Conn’s Disease is from….
11
Q
What are the ocular manifestation of Parkinson’s?
A
Decreased blink rate, blepharospasm, decreased convergence amplitudes.
12
Q
What symptoms of Alzheimer’s are early vs. late stage?
A
Early is memory loss and disorientation, Late is motor loss and aphasia.
13
Q
Reversed
-Autoimmune response causing thyroid damage -Most common cause of hypothyroidism* Middle aged individuals Females:Males 10:1 Signs and symptoms -Low serum T4 -Elevated TSH levels -Myxedema -Goiter
A
What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? What are the signs and symptoms?
14
Q
Reversed
Huntington’s disease. Chorea is involuntary writhing movements.
A
Chorea is a symptom of what?
15
Q
Reversed
myasthenia gravis
A
blockage or destruction of ACh receptors is in what disease?
16
Q
Reversed
Dizziness, loss of vision/hearing, weakness, pallor, clammy skin, nausea.
A
What are symptoms of syncope prodrome?
17
Q
Reversed
Antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptor sites causing weakness. Affects women more than men
A
What happens in Myasthenia Gravis? Demographics?
18
Q
Name disease: Muscle spasms, Pain, Slurred speech, Blindness, Paralysis, Cognitive decline
A
Late symptoms of MS
19
Q
Reversed
Early symptoms of MS
A
Name disease: Numbness or tingling, Unexplained weakness or Fatigue, Double vision, Decreased acuity
20
Q
What is a myelogram? What does it detect?
A
A neurologic test that is a dye to detect spinal tumor, Herniated disks, Vascular malformations, CSF leaks
21
Q
____ is used for epilepsy surgical candidates and tumor biopsy
A
PET scans
22
Q
Reversed
….prevents the growth of tumors
A
VHL …..
23
Q
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? What are the clinical manifestations? What are the risk factors of ALS?
A
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder of upper and motor neurons. Affects men more than women. Weakness and wasting of extremities, paralysis. Does not affect personality or eyesight. Smoking, lead exposure, military service are risk factors.
24
Q
What is concussion vs contusion?
A
Concussion is diffuse, microscopic damage (that probably won’t show on MRI). Contusion is brain bruise, localized macroscopic damage (causing edema, increased ICP, and hemorrhage)
25
# Reversed
Adrenal adenoma Adrenal carcinoma Ectopic ACTH (cancer) Exogenous steroid use\*.
What can cause Excessive level of cortisol? (Cushing syndrome)
26
# Reversed
Primary adrenal insufficiency (not enough cortisol/aldosterone release). 80% are auto-immune destruction of adrenal gland. Diagnose with ACTH stimulation test or presence of anti-adrenal antibodies.
What is Addison's disease? What causes Addison's disease? How diagnose?
27
# Reversed
ADH
Diabetes insipidus is a lack of what?
28
What's the tx of pituitary adenoma?
Surgery or medication (to reduce hormone level in blood)
29
What is the most common cause of adult pituitary dysfunction?
Pituitary adenoma.
30
# Reversed
Communicating, excess CSF can exit but there is reabsorption problem, non-communicating is where there is an obstruction
What is communicating vs non-communicating hydrocephalus?
31
Pineal gland produces \_\_\_\_
Meletonin
32
# Reversed
Ach-esterase inhibitor, thymectomy, plasmapheresis (remove offending auto-antibodies)
How do you treat Myasthenia Gravis?
33
1st and 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in children?
1st Leukemia, 2nd is brain tumors.
34
What is cerebral angiography?
Injection of contrast through the femoral artery. Visualize the cerebral arteries and assess for lesions
35
How can you tell difference between malignant and benign tumors?
Malignant has inflammation and edema, starts to distort the brain tissue.
36
What can be the cause of a constant runny nose?
Traumatic pneumocephalus. CSF leaks out of nose
37
How does Alzheimer's affect genders?
Women more than men
38
Name disease: Memory loss, Confusion, Aggression, Depression, Dementia, Impulse control problems
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
39
What can cause Excessive level of cortisol? (Cushing syndrome)
Adrenal adenoma Adrenal carcinoma Ectopic ACTH (cancer) Exogenous steroid use\*.
40
What is the 1st and 2nd most common neurodegenerative disorders?
Alzheimer's (1) and Parkinson's (2)
41
# Reversed
1 \*Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3 2 \*Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin aka: TSH-Receptor AB (+) in Grave’s Disease (90+%) 3 Thyroglobulin antibodies (+) in Hashimoto’s Disease (+) in Grave’s Disease 4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies (+) in Hashimoto’s Disease (95%) (+) in Grave’s Disease (50-75%)
What is the order of thyroid tests? (detail)
42
# Reversed
Arylsulfatase (affects white matter)
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is a deficiency in the activity of \_\_\_
43
# Reversed
diffuse axonal injury
What can rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury cause?
44
Addison’s Disease is from…
Low cortisol and/or low aldosterone
45
What is non-spastic cerebral palsy?
Damage outside of pyramidal tracts. 20% of cases. Hypotensicity and ataxia.
46
# Reversed
Tunnel vision (Bi-temporal visual field loss). Defect starts superior then spreads inferior
What's the ocular manifestation of pituitary adenoma?
47
Tx of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
Plasmapheresis (separating antibodies), IV immunoglobulin (removes auto-antibodies), Supportive, Spontaneous recovery (usually)
48
# Reversed
Mild TBI
Name disease: Headache, Confusion, Lightheadedness, Dizziness, Blurred vision or tired eyes, Ringing in the ears, Bad taste in the mouth, Fatigue or lethargy, A change in sleep patterns, Behavioral or mood changes: Memory, concentration, or attention problems
49
What is graves disease?
Excess secretion of thyroid hormone because of antibody that stimulates TSH receptor. It is most commonly associated with thyroid eye disease
50
Purpose of CSF?
Buoyancy, Protection, Chemical stability, Prevention of brain ischemia (if BP falls, CSF production can also fall to facilitate blood flow)
51
Cushing disease vs syndrome….
Cushing Disease is excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH; adenoma More common in women. Cushing Syndrome is excessive level of cortisol
52
# Reversed
20% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. 20% rapidly progress. 60% mild to moderately symptomatic
MS: \_\_% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. \_\_% rapidly progress. \_\_% mild to moderately symptomatic
53
What is diagnosis of ALS? Treatment?
EMG, Nerve conduction studies, MRI, Serum laboratory testing. Tx Riluzole (glutamate inhibitor).
54
MRIs are good for…
Soft tissue, safety (not ionizing)
55
# Reversed
Addison's
Lack of ACTH causes what?
56
Name disease: Muscle Spasms, Poor balance, Frequent falls, Inability to walk, Drooping eyelids, Scoliosis, Joint contractures, Restrictions of mobility, Respiratory difficulty\*, Arrhythmias, Cardiomyopathy
Muscular Dystrophy
57
MS: \_\_% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. \_\_% rapidly progress. \_\_% mild to moderately symptomatic
20% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. 20% rapidly progress. 60% mild to moderately symptomatic
58
What are the demyelinating diseases?
Leukodystrophy, MS, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome
59
# Reversed
Myasthenia Gravis
Name disease: Diplopia, Ptosis, Mask-like facial expression, Dysphagia, Weak voice
60
Thyroid hormones affect the cell in \_\_\_\_
The nucleus (the drug is lipophilic)
61
Coup vs contrecoup
Coup is head struck, contrecoup is rebound on opposite side of skull.
62
Name disease: weakness that worsens with activity?
Myasthenia Gravis
63
What are sunset eyes?
The eyes bulge in pediatric hydrocephalus, causing white of eye to be shown in upper eye.
64
Why do you want to taper steroid use?
To avoid Cushing syndrome (excess cortisol)
65
# Reversed
Hypoparathyroidism
Cataracts can happen in what disease?
66
What is hyperacusis a symptom of?
Bell's palsy
67
What is Sheehan's syndrome?
Woman bleeds too much in childbirth causing a stroke of the pituitary
68
# Reversed
Muscle cramps and spasm\*\* Brittle nails Dry hair Dry, scaly skin Abdominal pain Paresthesia Seizures
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?
69
What are the ocular manifestations of Hypothyroidism?
1 \*Eyebrows; Outer 1/3 missing 2 SLK (superior conj injection) ~50% cases have thyroid issues 3 Exophthalmos (but more common with hyperthyroidism)
70
# Reversed
Injection of contrast through the femoral artery. Visualize the cerebral arteries and assess for lesions
What is cerebral angiography?
71
Riluzole treat's what?
ALS
72
# Reversed
Glasgow coma scale.
What is the gold standard for evaluating acute brain injury?
73
# Reversed
Early sign of increased cranial pressure, Brain tumors
Papilledema can indicate what?
74
# Reversed
Endothelial tight junctions and Thickened basement membrane
What causes reduced capillary permeability in the BBB?
75
\_\_\_% of cancers are primary brain tumors. are metastatic.
1.4% of cancers are primary brain tumors. Majority are metastatic….like from lung
76
# Reversed
1 \*Eyebrows; Outer 1/3 missing 2 SLK (superior conj injection) ~50% cases have thyroid issues 3 Exophthalmos (but more common with hyperthyroidism)
What are the ocular manifestations of Hypothyroidism?
77
Which Leukodystrophy is x-linked?
Adrenoleukodystrophy
78
# Reversed
Parathyroid hormone by parathyroid
Low Ca causes secretion of ____ by \_\_\_\_
79
Early 3 and late 4 Signs and Symptoms of Increased intracranial pressure:
Early: Vomiting, Headache, Papilledema. Late: Bradycardia, HTN, Respiratory changes, Herniation
80
# Reversed
Bell's palsy
Inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve is…
81
What are the early and signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?
Foreign body sensation Redness Tearing Photophobia Morning puffiness of the eyelids
82
Partial Simple seizures symptoms
Have no loss of awareness and have limited symptoms
83
# Reversed
Concussion is diffuse, microscopic damage (that probably won't show on MRI). Contusion is brain bruise, localized macroscopic damage (causing edema, increased ICP, and hemorrhage)
What is concussion vs contusion?
84
blockage or destruction of ACh receptors is in what disease?
myasthenia gravis
85
What is the order of thyroid tests? (detail)
1 \*Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3 2 \*Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin aka: TSH-Receptor AB (+) in Grave’s Disease (90+%) 3 Thyroglobulin antibodies (+) in Hashimoto’s Disease (+) in Grave’s Disease 4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies (+) in Hashimoto’s Disease (95%) (+) in Grave’s Disease (50-75%)
86
# Reversed
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Name disease: Memory loss, Confusion, Aggression, Depression, Dementia, Impulse control problems
87
What is Thyroid eye disease? What age typically?
50-70% “thyroid stare” in Graves Disease \*Most common cause of proptosis and diplopia in adults Also occurs in hypothyroidism, not just hyper 6% of patients are euthyroid
88
# Reversed
The thyroid eye disease in Grave's disease.
What is the most common cause of proptosis and diploipa in adults?
89
# Reversed
Myasthenia Gravis
Name disease: weakness that worsens with activity?
90
# Reversed
Showing function rather than structural.
PETs are good for….
91
What are the ocular complications of Cushing Syndrome?
Cataracts Steroid-response glaucoma Visual field defects (if they have adenoma) Microvascular retinopathy (DM because cortisol increase blood sugar) Central serous choroidopathy (leaky RPE causes swelling)
92
# Reversed
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Which Leukodystrophy is x-linked?
93
# Reversed
Progressive degenerative disease of the brain from Accumulation of tau protein in neurons. From repeated brain injury.
What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy?
94
What are the neurologic tests for brain tumors?
Myelogram
95
# Reversed
x-linked early onset (3-5 years). Absence of dystrophin. Pseudohypertrophy (muscle replaced with fat). Death by early 30s
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
96
# Reversed
Acute, idiopathic autoimmune polyneuritis of the PNS because of disrupted myelin sheaths. Paralysis starts in the legs and moves up. The cause is an autoimmune response triggered from GI/respiration infection.
What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome? What is the cause?
97
# Reversed
Plasmapheresis (separating antibodies), IV immunoglobulin (removes auto-antibodies), Supportive, Spontaneous recovery (usually)
Tx of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
98
# Reversed
High cortisol
Cushing’s Syndrome is from…
99
# Reversed
Usually only once
How often does Bell's palsy happen?
100
# Reversed
Has hypertonic, tense muscles from Upper motor neuron damage. 70-80% of cases of CP
What is spastic Cerebral palsy?
101
# Reversed
Surgery or medication (to reduce hormone level in blood)
What's the tx of pituitary adenoma?
102
# Reversed
Asymptomatic (50%) \*Osteoporosis \*Subperiosteal absorption (bone indentation) Polyuria and polydipsia Constipation Weakness and fatigue Myalgias Cognitive impairment
What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism?
103
# Reversed
Foreign body sensation Redness Tearing Photophobia Morning puffiness of the eyelids
What are the early and signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?
104
How is Huntington's diagnosed?
MRI
105
# Reversed
Heat intolerance Increased GI motility Weight loss Tachycardia Goiter (but more common in hypothyroidism)
What are the major signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
106
Name disease: Numbness or tingling, Unexplained weakness or Fatigue, Double vision, Decreased acuity
Early symptoms of MS
107
Which EOMS are more likely to be affected
IM SLO. Inferior is the most affected
108
# Reversed
Pituitary adenoma.
What is the most common cause of adult pituitary dysfunction?
109
What does Huntington's disease affect? What kind of inheritance?
Basal ganglia and cortex. Autosomal dominant
110
What is the Dx, Tx, and complications of Hyperthyroidism?
Diagnosis -Thyroid scan -Serum TSH -Thyroid-stimulating Ig Treatment -Anti-thyroid medications -Radioactive iodine treatment -Surgery Complications -Atrial fibrillation -Osteoporosis -Thyroid eye disease -Edematous and erythematous skin -Thyrotoxic crisis
111
What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? What are the signs and symptoms?
-Autoimmune response causing thyroid damage -Most common cause of hypothyroidism\* Middle aged individuals Females:Males 10:1 Signs and symptoms -Low serum T4 -Elevated TSH levels -Myxedema -Goiter
112
# Reversed
Lysosomal storage disease, inherited metabolic disorder. Systemically it can affect neurons, too.
Tay-Sachs disease is what type?
113
Low vitamin D or light can cause \_\_\_in children or ____ in adults
"Rickets” in children “Osteomalacia” in adults
114
Tay-Sachs disease is what type?
Lysosomal storage disease, inherited metabolic disorder. Systemically it can affect neurons, too.
115
Causes of viral meningitis? 6
Enteroviruses, HSV 2, Varicella zoster, Mumps, Influenza, HIV
116
# Reversed
Idiopathic, Stroke, Dementia, TBI, Infections, Tumors, Congenital defect or perinatal brain injury
What are the causes of epilepsy?
117
# Reversed
Have no loss of awareness and have limited symptoms
Partial Simple seizures symptoms
118
# Reversed
Eye opening, motor response, verbal response
What does the Glasgow coma scale include?
119
What can cause osteoporosis?
Hyperthyroidism causes excess calictonin which breaks down bone
120
# Reversed
Grave's disease
What is most commonly associated with Thyroid Eye Disease?
121
What is the most common cause of dementia?
Alzheimer's disease
122
# Reversed
Acromegaly is excess growth hormone after bones have fused, affects cartilaginous growth. Symptoms: Increased ring or shoe size, Enlarged facial features and skin tags, Increased size of internal organs, Deepening of the voice. Dx via MRI and GH suppression test. Tx medication or surgery
Acromegaly vs gigantism? Acromegaly symptoms? How do you diagnose and treat acromegaly?
123
\_\_\_% of MS patients have ocular symptoms
66% (optic neuritis)
124
# Reversed
Treat with oral ADH. The pee is too dilute
How do you treat diabetes insipidus?
125
What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Normal pressure but abnormal CSF volume
126
What is the most common cause of death in Alzheimer's disease?
Bronchopneumonia
127
What is Addison's disease? What causes Addison's disease? How diagnose?
Primary adrenal insufficiency (not enough cortisol/aldosterone release). 80% are auto-immune destruction of adrenal gland. Diagnose with ACTH stimulation test or presence of anti-adrenal antibodies.
128
# Reversed
Bell's palsy
Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I can cause....
129
What is the main purpose of the thyroid gland?
It regulates the basal metabolic rate.
130
What is the ice-pack test?
Icepack decreases Ach-esterase, reliving symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis. This can help diagnose MG
131
What are the causes of hypothyroidsm?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis\* Insufficient Iodine dietary intake\* Congenital (birth) defects Radiation treatments to the neck Radioactive iodine used to treat hyperthroidism Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland Viral thyroiditis
132
# Reversed
Truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, skin atrophy, collagen breakdown causing "Stretch marks", facial hair growth
What are the common symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
133
# Reversed
Traumatic pneumocephalus. CSF leaks out of nose
What can be the cause of a constant runny nose?
134
What thyroid hormone is more plentiful?
T4 is more plentiful than T3
135
# Reversed
F \> M
What is thyroid disease gender ratio?
136
What are the symptoms of Tay-Sach's disease? At what age does it start?
Motor development delay, Flaccid paralysis, Mental impairment, Blindness, Death. Starts at 6 months of age.
137
Which hormone is life-threatening if cut off?
ACTH because….
138
# Reversed
Cataracts Steroid-response glaucoma Visual field defects (if they have adenoma) Microvascular retinopathy (DM because cortisol increase blood sugar) Central serous choroidopathy (leaky RPE causes swelling)
What are the ocular complications of Cushing Syndrome?
139
# Reversed
Large head size, Seizures, Headache, Nausea/Vomiting, Blurred/Double Vision, BALANCE /Gait problem, INCONTINENCE. Treat it with a shunt
What are the signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus? How do you treat it?
140
Name disease: Resting tremors, Mask-like expression, Slow, quiet speech, Shuffling gait, Stooped posture, Rigid muscles
Parkinson's disease
141
# Reversed
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder of upper and motor neurons. Affects men more than women. Weakness and wasting of extremities, paralysis. Does not affect personality or eyesight. Smoking, lead exposure, military service are risk factors.
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? What are the clinical manifestations? What are the risk factors of ALS?
142
T4 and T4 is stored in the ____ and there is a storage that can last for _____ months
Colloid and can last for 2-3 months
143
What is Pituitary Apoplexy? Most common causes? Symptoms (2 important ones)?
Pituitary apoplexy is vascular damage to the pituitary. Causes: \*Pituitary adenoma, Pregnancy, Postpartum hemorrhage, Sickle-cell, DM, Shock Trauma. SYMPTOMS: headache, syncope, blurred vision, \*ophthalmoplegia (double vision), \*visual field defects, death possible (adrenal insufficiency, hypotension/hypoglycemia/SAH)
144
# Reversed
Neck surgery\* Autoimmune disease Radiation Tx of thyroid Inherited disorders Men=women Tx: Calcium carbonate and Vitamin D
What can cause hypoparathyroisism? How is gender ratio? How tx?
145
What are the adrenal disorders?
Cushing’s Syndrome, Addison’s Disease, Conn’s Disease, Pheochromocytoma
146
VHL …..
….prevents the growth of tumors
147
Lack of ACTH causes what?
Addison's
148
# Reversed
ACTH because….
Which hormone is life-threatening if cut off?
149
How is epilepsy diagnosed?
2 or more unprovoked seizures typically required for diagnosis
150
TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates the ____ to make \_\_\_\_\_
thyroid to make T4 and T3
151
# Reversed
A neurologic test that is a dye to detect spinal tumor, Herniated disks, Vascular malformations, CSF leaks
What is a myelogram? What does it detect?
152
# Reversed
Dramatic loss of consciousness, Tonic-clonic convulsions of all extremities, Incontinence, Amnesia of the event
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures symptoms
153
What is diffuse axonal injury?
Rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury that's on a microscopic level. Lesions develop in white matter that degrade after trauma.
154
# Reversed
Car accidents, falls, assaults
What are most common causes of head injuries?
155
# Reversed
When it lasts for more than 10 minutes
When should you call 911 for a seizure?
156
Name disease: Persistent or progressive headache, Repeated vomiting or nausea, Convulsions or seizures, An inability to awaken from sleep, Dilation of one or both pupils, Slurred speech, Weakness or numbness in the extremities, Loss of coordination; Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation
Severe TBI. Also includes mild TBI symptoms
157
Partial complex seizures symptoms
Loss of awareness, automatisms
158
# Reversed
Tumor of the adrenal medulla that cause Secrete excess catecholamines (NE) 90% benign /10% malignant.
What is Pheochromocytoma?
159
What can pinealoma cause?
Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome. can cause "sunset eyes"
160
How do you treat cerebral palsy?
Muscle relaxants, Anticonvulsant drugs, Orthopedic surgery / appliances
161
What is the Tensilon test?
Helps diagnose Myasthenia Gravis by disabling Ach esterase
162
What are signs and symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?
Hypertension Headache Flushing Diaphoresis Tachycardia Heat intolerance Weight loss
163
What is cerebral palsy?
Group of syndromes. Permanent, non-progressive damage to motor control areas of the brain
164
# Reversed
Cushing’s Syndrome, Addison’s Disease, Conn’s Disease, Pheochromocytoma
What are the adrenal disorders?
165
What is the gold standard for evaluating acute brain injury?
Glasgow coma scale.
166
What disease is non-inflammatory disease of striated muscle?
Muscular dystrophy
167
# Reversed
Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Borrelia bacteria (lyme disease)
What are infectious disorders of the CNS? 2
168
What is typical head trauma called?
Closed (blunt) head trauma
169
What is a major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state?
diffuse axonal injury
170
# Reversed
the pituitary gland to make TSH
TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the ______ to make ___ which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3
171
What is thyroid disease gender ratio?
F \> M
172
What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy?
Progressive degenerative disease of the brain from Accumulation of tau protein in neurons. From repeated brain injury.
173
If Guillain-Barré Syndrome is antibody-mediated autoimmune, what hypersensitivity type is it?
II
174
What hormones are found in the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin, ADH
175
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
x-linked early onset (3-5 years). Absence of dystrophin. Pseudohypertrophy (muscle replaced with fat). Death by early 30s
176
# Reversed
50-70% “thyroid stare” in Graves Disease \*Most common cause of proptosis and diplopia in adults Also occurs in hypothyroidism, not just hyper 6% of patients are euthyroid
What is Thyroid eye disease? What age typically?
177
# Reversed
1 \*Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3 2 \*Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin 3 Thyroglobulin antibodies 4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies
What is the order of thyroid tests? (wo/detail)
178
# Reversed
Hyperthyroidism causes excess calictonin which breaks down bone
What can cause osteoporosis?
179
What are the major signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
Heat intolerance Increased GI motility Weight loss Tachycardia Goiter (but more common in hypothyroidism)
180
What disease is more common in colder climates?
Multiple Sclerosis
181
# Reversed
Increases osteoclast activity Increases Ca reabsorption by kidneys Increase Ca uptake by intestines
What does parathyroid hormone do?
182
# Reversed
thyroid to make T4 and T3
TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates the ____ to make \_\_\_\_\_
183
# Reversed
Group of syndromes. Permanent, non-progressive damage to motor control areas of the brain
What is cerebral palsy?
184
What has an earlier age onset? Hypo/hyperthyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism (15-40 years)
185
\_\_\_ in the ____ stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3
TRH in the hypothalamus
186
Acromegaly vs gigantism? Acromegaly symptoms? How do you diagnose and treat acromegaly?
Acromegaly is excess growth hormone after bones have fused, affects cartilaginous growth. Symptoms: Increased ring or shoe size, Enlarged facial features and skin tags, Increased size of internal organs, Deepening of the voice. Dx via MRI and GH suppression test. Tx medication or surgery
187
# Reversed
2 or more attacks and MRI showing lesions. Tx Immunosuppression, Amino acid injections, Cortical steroids, Management of symptoms
How do you diagnose MS? How tx MS?
188
# Reversed
Oxytocin, ADH
What hormones are found in the posterior pituitary?
189
What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome? What is the cause?
Acute, idiopathic autoimmune polyneuritis of the PNS because of disrupted myelin sheaths. Paralysis starts in the legs and moves up. The cause is an autoimmune response triggered from GI/respiration infection.
190
# Reversed
Icepack decreases Ach-esterase, reliving symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis. This can help diagnose MG
What is the ice-pack test?
191
What is TSH-receptor antibody implicated in?
Grave's disease
192
# Reversed
Conjunctival concretions of hyperparathyroidism
What can cause white dots in palpebral conj?
193
# Reversed
Meningitis
Cause: Sudden fever, Stiff neck Headache, Altered mental status
194
What are causes of syncope?
Fainting can be from orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal syncope (standing too long, anxiety of needles, space monkeys), cardiogenic syncope
195
What are different level types of hormones?
Constant level, variable level, and cyclical
196
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?
Muscle cramps and spasm\*\* Brittle nails Dry hair Dry, scaly skin Abdominal pain Paresthesia Seizures
197
# Reversed
"Rickets” in children “Osteomalacia” in adults
Low vitamin D or light can cause \_\_\_in children or ____ in adults
198
# Reversed
Colloid and can last for 2-3 months
T4 and T4 is stored in the ____ and there is a storage that can last for _____ months
199
# Reversed
T4 is more plentiful than T3
What thyroid hormone is more plentiful?
200
What is treatment of Bell's palsy?
Spontaneous recovery, steroids for inflammation. Make sure it's not a stroke, infection, or trauma, tumor.
201
How do you dx and tx Pheochromocytoma?
Diagnosis: -Serum and urine levels of -catecholamines -Abdominal MRI Treatment -Surgery -Alpha- and beta-blockers
202
# Reversed
Pituitary apoplexy is vascular damage to the pituitary. Causes: \*Pituitary adenoma, Pregnancy, Postpartum hemorrhage, Sickle-cell, DM, Shock Trauma. SYMPTOMS: headache, syncope, blurred vision, \*ophthalmoplegia (double vision), \*visual field defects, death possible (adrenal insufficiency, hypotension/hypoglycemia/SAH)
What is Pituitary Apoplexy? Most common causes? Symptoms (2 important ones)?
203
What is the classic triad of meningitis? Which meningitis is more common?
Sudden fever, stiff neck, HA, (altered mental status). Viral is most common (but bacteria, fungi, and parasites can cause it too)
204
What are symptoms of syncope prodrome?
Dizziness, loss of vision/hearing, weakness, pallor, clammy skin, nausea.
205
# Reversed
Tensilon (Edrophonium) /ice-pack test, Electromyography (EMG), Anti-ACH receptor Abs
How do you diagnose Myasthenia Gravis?
206
# Reversed
Diagnosis -Thyroid scan -Serum TSH -Thyroid-stimulating Ig Treatment -Anti-thyroid medications -Radioactive iodine treatment -Surgery Complications -Atrial fibrillation -Osteoporosis -Thyroid eye disease -Edematous and erythematous skin -Thyrotoxic crisis
What is the Dx, Tx, and complications of Hyperthyroidism?
207
What determines hormonal potency?
Concentration and receptors: specificity (fit), affinity (strength), and number
208
# Reversed
The nucleus (the drug is lipophilic)
Thyroid hormones affect the cell in \_\_\_\_
209
# Reversed
Damage outside of pyramidal tracts. 20% of cases. Hypotensicity and ataxia.
What is non-spastic cerebral palsy?
210
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Increases osteoclast activity Increases Ca reabsorption by kidneys Increase Ca uptake by intestines
211
What are the causes of hypopituitarism?
Tumor, Infarctions (trauma/TBI, DM, etc.), adiation, Surgery, Postpartum Hemorrhage (Sheehan’s Syndrome)
212
Causes of bacterial meningitis? 3 What complications can happen?
Strep. Pneumoniae\*, Neisseria meningitidis, H. influenzae type b. Hearing loss and brain damage
213
What is Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome? What are the sign's sympoms?What's the cause?
Upward gaze deficit due to involvement of vertical gaze centers in dorsal midbrain (sup colliculus). Symptoms: diplopia, difficulty looking up Signs: lid retraction, defective upgaze, convergence retraction nystagmus, mydriasis with light near dissociation, papilledema Causes: \*pinealomas, \*hydrocephalus, CVA, MS, trauma
214
# Reversed
PET scans
\_\_\_\_ is used for epilepsy surgical candidates and tumor biopsy
215
How do you treat Myasthenia Gravis?
Ach-esterase inhibitor, thymectomy, plasmapheresis (remove offending auto-antibodies)
216
Outer 1/3 eyebrows missing can indicate….
Hypothyrodism
217
# Reversed
90% of MS respond well to treatment. MS goes into remission (but can come back). Progressive is 20%
What is relapsing-remitting MS? What % is progressive MS?
218
What is the order of thyroid tests? (wo/detail)
1 \*Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3 2 \*Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin 3 Thyroglobulin antibodies 4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies
219
What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?
Graves’ disease\* -Excess dietary iodine -Thyroiditis (usually viral, but can become hypothyroidism) -Benign thyroid or pituitary adenoma -Tumors of the testes or ovaries (because humangonadotropin hormone can stimulate thyroid) -Over medication of hypothyroidism
220
What are leukodystrophies? What diseases they include? What kind of cell death?
Progressive disruption of myelin sheaths in the brain (inherited). Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD), Adrenoleukodystrophy. The cells die causing inflammation.
221
# Reversed
Progressive disruption of myelin sheaths in the brain (inherited). Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD), Adrenoleukodystrophy. The cells die causing inflammation.
What are leukodystrophies? What diseases they include? What kind of cell death?
222
# Reversed
66% (optic neuritis)
\_\_\_% of MS patients have ocular symptoms
223
When should you call 911 for a seizure?
When it lasts for more than 10 minutes
224
# Reversed
Exophthalmos Persistent eyelid swelling Diplopia Decreased vision in one or both eyes (optic nerve compression)
What are the late signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?
225
Generalized absence seizures symptoms
Staring spell, brief, immediate recovery
226
What is the tx for Cushing's syndrome?
Discontinue steroids Surgery Radiation Medication
227
What is spastic Cerebral palsy?
Has hypertonic, tense muscles from Upper motor neuron damage. 70-80% of cases of CP
228
\_\_% of 20 year MS pts are not disabled and can still walk. They typically have a(n) _____ lifespan
66%. Normal lifespan
229
What is thyroperoxidate (TPO) and Thyroglobulin antibodies inplicated in?
Hashimotos (auto-immune thyroid damage) and Grave's (auto-ab mimics TSH)
230
# Reversed
Bronchopneumonia
What is the most common cause of death in Alzheimer's disease?
231
How often does Bell's palsy happen?
Usually only once
232
# Reversed
Strep. Pneumoniae\*, Neisseria meningitidis, H. influenzae type b. Hearing loss and brain damage
Causes of bacterial meningitis? 3 What complications can happen?
233
Hypo/hyper thyroidism is more common than the other?
Hypothyroidism is more common
234
What is the most common cause of proptosis and diploipa in adults?
The thyroid eye disease in Grave's disease.
235
# Reversed
Inflammatory response after viral infection of (Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I)
What is the cause of Bell's palsy?
236
# Reversed
Hypothyroidism is more common
Hypo/hyper thyroidism is more common than the other?
237
What causes a cherry red spot in the macula?
Lysosomal storage disease (Tay-Sach's)
238
# Reversed
Buoyancy, Protection, Chemical stability, Prevention of brain ischemia (if BP falls, CSF production can also fall to facilitate blood flow)
Purpose of CSF?
239
Cataracts can happen in what disease?
Hypoparathyroidism
240
What are the primary brain tumor types? What are the secondary brain tumor types?
Glioma (30%), meningioma (benign), pituitary adenoma (benign), and nerve sheath tumors. Secondary is from lung (48%), breast, urogenital, osteosarcoma
241
What are the 5 types of endocrine disorders?
Hypo/hyperfunction of a gland, then receptor defect, primary or secondary messenger defect
242
What is Swelling of lower legs legs?
Myxedema
243
# Reversed
Discontinue steroids Surgery Radiation Medication
What is the tx for Cushing's syndrome?
244
# Reversed
Usually viral: Herpes simplex 1 & 2, Arboviruses, Rabies virus. Seizures, stupor, coma. Supportive treatment
Cause of encephalitis 3? Signs and symptoms 3 ? How is treatment?
245
# Reversed
Coup is head struck, contrecoup is rebound on opposite side of skull.
Coup vs contrecoup
246
# Reversed
Women more than men
How does Alzheimer's affect genders?
247
PETs are good for….
Showing function rather than structural.
248
How do you diagnose Hashimoto's Thyroiditis? Tx? Untreated complications?
Dx: Anti-TPO (thyroperoxidase ) antibody titers, Serum TSH high, low T3, low T4. Tx: Levothyroxine (Synthroid) Complications: Cardiomegaly Heart failure Pleural effusion
249
Name disease: Diplopia, Ptosis, Mask-like facial expression, Dysphagia, Weak voice
Myasthenia Gravis
250
What is most commonly associated with Thyroid Eye Disease?
Grave's disease
251
Cushing’s Syndrome is from…
High cortisol
252
What are they important symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Lethargy Cold intolerance Bradycardia Goiter Decreased appetite Constipation
253
What is traumatic pneumocephalus?
Air moves to the subdural space from injury to a nasal sinus. This can cause cerebrospinal rhinorrhea?
254
What does a goiter happen?
Mostly in Hypothyroidism (and also hyperthyoridism)
255
# Reversed
IM SLO. Inferior is the most affected
Which EOMS are more likely to be affected
256
# Reversed
Hyperthyroidism
Hypo/hyperthyroidism has familial associations?
257
# Reversed
Meletonin
Pineal gland produces \_\_\_\_
258
# Reversed
Dx: Anti-TPO (thyroperoxidase ) antibody titers, Serum TSH high, low T3, low T4. Tx: Levothyroxine (Synthroid) Complications: Cardiomegaly Heart failure Pleural effusion
How do you diagnose Hashimoto's Thyroiditis? Tx? Untreated complications?
259
# Reversed
Glioma (30%), meningioma (benign), pituitary adenoma (benign), and nerve sheath tumors. Secondary is from lung (48%), breast, urogenital, osteosarcoma
What are the primary brain tumor types? What are the secondary brain tumor types?
260
What can rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury cause?
diffuse axonal injury
261
What is relapsing-remitting MS? What % is progressive MS?
90% of MS respond well to treatment. MS goes into remission (but can come back). Progressive is 20%
262
# Reversed
Diagnosis: -Serum and urine levels of -catecholamines -Abdominal MRI Treatment -Surgery -Alpha- and beta-blockers
How do you dx and tx Pheochromocytoma?
263
# Reversed
Hashimoto's thyroiditis\* Insufficient Iodine dietary intake\* Congenital (birth) defects Radiation treatments to the neck Radioactive iodine used to treat hyperthroidism Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland Viral thyroiditis
What are the causes of hypothyroidsm?
264
# Reversed
MRI
How is Huntington's diagnosed?
265
What are common co-morbidities of cerebral palsy?
Epilepsy and cognitive impairment
266
# Reversed
Late symptoms of MS
Name disease: Muscle spasms, Pain, Slurred speech, Blindness, Paralysis, Cognitive decline
267
What causes reduced capillary permeability in the BBB?
Endothelial tight junctions and Thickened basement membrane
268
# Reversed
Hypertension Headache Flushing Diaphoresis Tachycardia Heat intolerance Weight loss
What are signs and symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?
269
# Reversed
Leukodystrophy, MS, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome
What are the demyelinating diseases?
270
# Reversed
Loss of awareness, automatisms
Partial complex seizures symptoms
271
What are the most common pituitary tumors?
1 Prolactinoma (PRL)\*, 2 Corticotropinoma (ACTH), 3 Somatotropinoma (GH)
272
# Reversed
Unilateral facial droop (eyelid does not close), diminished eye blink, hyperacusis, decreased lacrimation
Symptoms of Bell's Palsy
273
# Reversed
EMG, Nerve conduction studies, MRI, Serum laboratory testing. Tx Riluzole (glutamate inhibitor).
What is diagnosis of ALS? Treatment?
274
# Reversed
Low cortisol and/or low aldosterone
Addison’s Disease is from…
275
# Reversed
Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Iodine deficiency
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US? In the world?
276
# Reversed
Thyroid diseases, Diabetes mellitus Type 1, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Demyelinating CNS diseases
What are the risk factors of Myasthenia Gravis? 5
277
# Reversed
To avoid Cushing syndrome (excess cortisol)
Why do you want to taper steroid use?
278
What's the ocular manifestation of pituitary adenoma?
Tunnel vision (Bi-temporal visual field loss). Defect starts superior then spreads inferior
279
# Reversed
Grave's disease
What is TSH-receptor antibody implicated in?
280
What is communicating vs non-communicating hydrocephalus?
Communicating, excess CSF can exit but there is reabsorption problem, non-communicating is where there is an obstruction
281
What is an addisonian crisis?
Life-threatening low cortisol causing liver dysfunction and low sugar and low aldosterone causes excessive water and Na loss causing low bp, shock, and coma/death.
282
# Reversed
Myxedema
What is Swelling of lower legs legs?
283
# Reversed
Looking at bones, space-occupying lesions, they're fast and inexpensive.
CT scans are good for…
284
# Reversed
Constant level, variable level, and cyclical
What are different level types of hormones?
285
# Reversed
Build up of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
What causes Alzheimer's disease?
286
# Reversed
Spontaneous recovery, steroids for inflammation. Make sure it's not a stroke, infection, or trauma, tumor.
What is treatment of Bell's palsy?
287
Pheochromocytoma is from…
Excessive production and release of catecholamines
288
# Reversed
2 or more unprovoked seizures typically required for diagnosis
How is epilepsy diagnosed?
289
How do you diagnose Myasthenia Gravis?
Tensilon (Edrophonium) /ice-pack test, Electromyography (EMG), Anti-ACH receptor Abs
290
What is the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease?
Lymphocytic infiltration of the orbital soft tissue Edema and mucopolysaccharide deposition by fibroblasts Enlargement of EOMs
291
# Reversed
diffuse axonal injury
What is a major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state?
292
TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the ______ to make ___ which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3
the pituitary gland to make TSH
293
# Reversed
TRH in the hypothalamus
\_\_\_ in the ____ stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3
294
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is a deficiency in the activity of \_\_\_
Arylsulfatase (affects white matter)
295
What is Pheochromocytoma?
Tumor of the adrenal medulla that cause Secrete excess catecholamines (NE) 90% benign /10% malignant.
296
# Reversed
Lethargy Cold intolerance Bradycardia Goiter Decreased appetite Constipation
What are they important symptoms of hypothyroidism?
297
# Reversed
Parkinson's disease
Name disease: Resting tremors, Mask-like expression, Slow, quiet speech, Shuffling gait, Stooped posture, Rigid muscles
298
# Reversed
66%. Normal lifespan
\_\_% of 20 year MS pts are not disabled and can still walk. They typically have a(n) _____ lifespan
299
What is a lumbar puncture good for?
Punting air, dye, or medications in. Sampling CSF
300
# Reversed
Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome. can cause "sunset eyes"
What can pinealoma cause?
301
# Reversed
Hashimotos (auto-immune thyroid damage) and Grave's (auto-ab mimics TSH)
What is thyroperoxidate (TPO) and Thyroglobulin antibodies inplicated in?
302
# Reversed
Muscular Dystrophy
Name disease: Muscle Spasms, Poor balance, Frequent falls, Inability to walk, Drooping eyelids, Scoliosis, Joint contractures, Restrictions of mobility, Respiratory difficulty\*, Arrhythmias, Cardiomyopathy
303
# Reversed
The eyes bulge in pediatric hydrocephalus, causing white of eye to be shown in upper eye.
What are sunset eyes?
304
Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I can cause....
Bell's palsy
305
Conn’s Disease is from….
Primary hyperaldosteronism
306
What are the risk factors of Myasthenia Gravis? 5
Thyroid diseases, Diabetes mellitus Type 1, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Demyelinating CNS diseases
307
# Reversed
Hyperthyroidism (15-40 years)
What has an earlier age onset? Hypo/hyperthyroidism?
308
Some blue light retinal fibers project to the \_\_\_
Pineal gland!
309
# Reversed
Soft tissue, safety (not ionizing)
MRIs are good for…
310
# Reversed
Excess secretion of thyroid hormone because of antibody that stimulates TSH receptor. It is most commonly associated with thyroid eye disease
What is graves disease?
311
# Reversed
It regulates the basal metabolic rate.
What is the main purpose of the thyroid gland?
312
# Reversed
Pheochromocytoma
What can cause hypertensive crisis?
313
# Reversed
Early is memory loss and disorientation, Late is motor loss and aphasia.
What symptoms of Alzheimer's are early vs. late stage?
314
# Reversed
Malignant has inflammation and edema, starts to distort the brain tissue.
How can you tell difference between malignant and benign tumors?
315
# Reversed
Ionizing radiation, Immunosuppression, Hereditary syndromes
What are the risk factors of brain tumors?
316
# Reversed
Graves’ disease\* -Excess dietary iodine -Thyroiditis (usually viral, but can become hypothyroidism) -Benign thyroid or pituitary adenoma -Tumors of the testes or ovaries (because humangonadotropin hormone can stimulate thyroid) -Over medication of hypothyroidism
What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?
317
What are the signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus? How do you treat it?
Large head size, Seizures, Headache, Nausea/Vomiting, Blurred/Double Vision, BALANCE /Gait problem, INCONTINENCE. Treat it with a shunt
318
# Reversed
Air moves to the subdural space from injury to a nasal sinus. This can cause cerebrospinal rhinorrhea?
What is traumatic pneumocephalus?
319
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US? In the world?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Iodine deficiency
320
Low Ca causes secretion of ____ by \_\_\_\_
Parathyroid hormone by parathyroid
321
How do you treat diabetes insipidus?
Treat with oral ADH. The pee is too dilute
322
# Reversed
Multiple Sclerosis
What disease is more common in colder climates?
323
What can cause hypoparathyroisism? How is gender ratio? How tx?
Neck surgery\* Autoimmune disease Radiation Tx of thyroid Inherited disorders Men=women Tx: Calcium carbonate and Vitamin D
324
# Reversed
Mostly in Hypothyroidism (and also hyperthyoridism)
What does a goiter happen?
325
# Reversed
Fainting can be from orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal syncope (standing too long, anxiety of needles, space monkeys), cardiogenic syncope
What are causes of syncope?
326
# Reversed
Alzheimer's disease
What is the most common cause of dementia?
327
What are most common causes of head injuries?
Car accidents, falls, assaults
328
# Reversed
Closed (blunt) head trauma
What is typical head trauma called?
329
How do you diagnose MS? How tx MS?
2 or more attacks and MRI showing lesions. Tx Immunosuppression, Amino acid injections, Cortical steroids, Management of symptoms
330
# Reversed
Enteroviruses, HSV 2, Varicella zoster, Mumps, Influenza, HIV
Causes of viral meningitis? 6
331
What are complications of epilepsy?
Difficulty learning, aspiration, brain damage (can be permanent), drowsiness from medication.
332
# Reversed
Motor development delay, Flaccid paralysis, Mental impairment, Blindness, Death. Starts at 6 months of age.
What are the symptoms of Tay-Sach's disease? At what age does it start?
333
What causes Alzheimer's disease?
Build up of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
334
What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism?
Asymptomatic (50%) \*Osteoporosis \*Subperiosteal absorption (bone indentation) Polyuria and polydipsia Constipation Weakness and fatigue Myalgias Cognitive impairment
335
What are the risk factors of brain tumors?
Ionizing radiation, Immunosuppression, Hereditary syndromes
336
Inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve is…
Bell's palsy
337
# Reversed
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
What disease does not affect personality or eyesight
338
Symptoms of Bell's Palsy
Unilateral facial droop (eyelid does not close), diminished eye blink, hyperacusis, decreased lacrimation
339
Hypo/hyperthyroidism has familial associations?
Hyperthyroidism
340
Cause of encephalitis 3? Signs and symptoms 3 ? How is treatment?
Usually viral: Herpes simplex 1 & 2, Arboviruses, Rabies virus. Seizures, stupor, coma. Supportive treatment
341
What are the causes of Hyperparathyroidism? How do you treat?
Neck radiation for thyroid Adenoma Carcinoma (rare) Hypocalcemia (secondary). Tx with surgury
342
# Reversed
1.4% of cancers are primary brain tumors. Majority are metastatic….like from lung
\_\_\_% of cancers are primary brain tumors. are metastatic.
343
# Reversed
Difficulty learning, aspiration, brain damage (can be permanent), drowsiness from medication.
What are complications of epilepsy?
344
Cause: Sudden fever, Stiff neck Headache, Altered mental status
Meningitis
345
What disease does not affect personality or eyesight
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
346
# Reversed
Decreased blink rate, blepharospasm, decreased convergence amplitudes.
What are the ocular manifestation of Parkinson's?
347
# Reversed
Pineal gland!
Some blue light retinal fibers project to the \_\_\_
348
# Reversed
II
If Guillain-Barré Syndrome is antibody-mediated autoimmune, what hypersensitivity type is it?
349
# Reversed
Staring spell, brief, immediate recovery
Generalized absence seizures symptoms
350
# Reversed
Severe TBI. Also includes mild TBI symptoms
Name disease: Persistent or progressive headache, Repeated vomiting or nausea, Convulsions or seizures, An inability to awaken from sleep, Dilation of one or both pupils, Slurred speech, Weakness or numbness in the extremities, Loss of coordination; Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation
351
# Reversed
Alzheimer's (1) and Parkinson's (2)
What is the 1st and 2nd most common neurodegenerative disorders?
352
# Reversed
Cushing Disease is excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH; adenoma More common in women. Cushing Syndrome is excessive level of cortisol
Cushing disease vs syndrome….
353
# Reversed
Lysosomal storage disease (Tay-Sach's)
What causes a cherry red spot in the macula?
354
Causes of ICP fluctuations:
Brain edema, CSF obstructions, Intracranial hemorrhage, tumor
355
# Reversed
Helps diagnose Myasthenia Gravis by disabling Ach esterase
What is the Tensilon test?
356
# Reversed
Hypo/hyperfunction of a gland, then receptor defect, primary or secondary messenger defect
What are the 5 types of endocrine disorders?
357
# Reversed
Early: Vomiting, Headache, Papilledema. Late: Bradycardia, HTN, Respiratory changes, Herniation
Early 3 and late 4 Signs and Symptoms of Increased intracranial pressure:
358
# Reversed
Excessive production and release of catecholamines
Pheochromocytoma is from…
359
What can cause hypertensive crisis?
Pheochromocytoma
360
What are infectious disorders of the CNS? 2
Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Borrelia bacteria (lyme disease)
361
# Reversed
Tumor, Infarctions (trauma/TBI, DM, etc.), adiation, Surgery, Postpartum Hemorrhage (Sheehan’s Syndrome)
What are the causes of hypopituitarism?
362
What are the causes of epilepsy?
Idiopathic, Stroke, Dementia, TBI, Infections, Tumors, Congenital defect or perinatal brain injury
363
What are the common symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
Truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, skin atrophy, collagen breakdown causing "Stretch marks", facial hair growth
364
What are the late signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?
Exophthalmos Persistent eyelid swelling Diplopia Decreased vision in one or both eyes (optic nerve compression)
365
What can cause white dots in palpebral conj?
Conjunctival concretions of hyperparathyroidism
366
# Reversed
Lymphocytic infiltration of the orbital soft tissue Edema and mucopolysaccharide deposition by fibroblasts Enlargement of EOMs
What is the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease?
367
What happens in Myasthenia Gravis? Demographics?
Antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptor sites causing weakness. Affects women more than men
368
# Reversed
Basal ganglia and cortex. Autosomal dominant
What does Huntington's disease affect? What kind of inheritance?
369
# Reversed
Neck radiation for thyroid Adenoma Carcinoma (rare) Hypocalcemia (secondary). Tx with surgury
What are the causes of Hyperparathyroidism? How do you treat?
370
# Reversed
Sudden fever, stiff neck, HA, (altered mental status). Viral is most common (but bacteria, fungi, and parasites can cause it too)
What is the classic triad of meningitis? Which meningitis is more common?
371
# Reversed
Muscular dystrophy
What disease is non-inflammatory disease of striated muscle?
372
# Reversed
ALS
Riluzole treat's what?
373
Papilledema can indicate what?
Early sign of increased cranial pressure, Brain tumors
374
CT scans are good for…
Looking at bones, space-occupying lesions, they're fast and inexpensive.
375
# Reversed
Myelogram
What are the neurologic tests for brain tumors?
376
# Reversed
1 Prolactinoma (PRL)\*, 2 Corticotropinoma (ACTH), 3 Somatotropinoma (GH)
What are the most common pituitary tumors?
377
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures symptoms
Dramatic loss of consciousness, Tonic-clonic convulsions of all extremities, Incontinence, Amnesia of the event
378
# Reversed
1st Leukemia, 2nd is brain tumors.
1st and 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in children?
379
What is the cause of Bell's palsy?
Inflammatory response after viral infection of (Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I)
380
# Reversed
Hypothyrodism
Outer 1/3 eyebrows missing can indicate….
381
# Reversed
Rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury that's on a microscopic level. Lesions develop in white matter that degrade after trauma.
What is diffuse axonal injury?
382
# Reversed
Punting air, dye, or medications in. Sampling CSF
What is a lumbar puncture good for?
383
# Reversed
Epilepsy and cognitive impairment
What are common co-morbidities of cerebral palsy?
384
# Reversed
Bell's palsy
What is hyperacusis a symptom of?
385
# Reversed
Brain edema, CSF obstructions, Intracranial hemorrhage, tumor
Causes of ICP fluctuations:
386
Chorea is a symptom of what?
Huntington's disease. Chorea is involuntary writhing movements.
