Quiz 3 Flashcards
(80 cards)
true experiment
research procedure in which the scientist has complete control over all aspects
quasi experiment
research procedure which does not meet the requirements of a true experiment
factor
the independent variables of an experiment
level
in an experiment, a particular value of an independent variable
Condition
a group or treatment in an experiment
Treatment
another word for a condition of an experiment
between
subjects design
within
subjects design
order effect
changes in a subject’s performance resulting from the position in which a condition appears in an experiment
sequence effect
changes in a subject’s performance resulting from interactions among the conditions themselves
block randomization
control procedure in which the order of conditions is randomized but with each condition being presented once before any condition is repeated
Counterbalancing
controlling for order and sequence effects by arranging that subjects experience the various conditions in different order
Reverse counter balancing
method of control in which conditions are presented in order the first time and then in reverse order
Latin square
control procedure in which each subject experiences each condition in a different order from other subject
two-conditions design
the simplest research design, involving only two conditions
multiple-conditions design
research design that involves more than two conditions
one-group posttest-only design
research design that measures the behavior of a single group of subjects after they are given a treatment
nonequivalent control group
a group of subjects that is not randomly selected from the same population as the experimental group
Define true experiment.
An experiment is a true experiment is when there are a great number of threats that are controlled. It is also a true experiment when the experimenter believes they have control over the instructions that the participants need to carry out; as well as how those instructions are carried out to the participants. When it does not meet these expectations it is known as a quasi experiment. A true experiment has complete control over its variables.
Define and distinguish the terms factor, level, and condition when referring to independent variables.
Factors are also known as the independent variable of the experiment or the variables that are being manipulated. The level is a certain value of the independent variables. There are at least two levels to an independent variable (ie. it can experience a certain condition, or it doesn’t experience the condition). The condition is the certain way in which the participants are treated, it is also called a treatment.
Describe the two basic elements of good experimental design.
The two basic elements to a good design are having a control group or condition and the randoms assignment of participant to the groups. Except when its a within-subjects-design.
What are within-subject designs? What is the basic strategy for achieving control?
In a within-subjects design each participant would act as the control and treatment group. At the least these types of experiment design should randomize the order or counterbalance the order in which the participants experience the condition to achieve more control
What are order effects and sequence effects? How are they different?
When a within-subjects design is being used then there is chance that there will be other variables to take into consideration that occur due to the different testing conditions. These effects are called carryover effects. There are two types of carry-over effects. There are order and sequence effects. Meaning, the performance of a participant will be affected by the order in which they experience the conditions for the order effect. Sequence effects occur due to the interactions between the different conditions. The difference between order and sequence effects occurs when there are a number of different ways to order the conditions. Order effects can be controlled by making sure that each condition occurs equally as often for each position it can be in. This is called counterbalancing. Sequencing differs in control in that each condition follows every other condition equally as often
How do you control for order and sequence effects within subjects?
To control for order and sequence effect in the within subjects design randomization can be used when the condition is exposed to the participants many times, or when the size of the sample is large enough to not make a big enough difference. Block randomization can also be used to control the sequence and order effect. This is when each participant is randomly picked to create and order, as long as each participant has experienced the condition once before repeating it.