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Biology 151 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two threats to Biodiversity?

A

Habitat Loss and Invasive Species

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2
Q

Habitat Loss

A

Deconstruction of habitat due to land conservation from agriculture, development, and deforestation
NUMBER ONE THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY

*Iowa Prairies lost 97% to corn and soy beans

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3
Q

Percentages of habitat loss

A

32% loss- Temperature Deciduous Dorest
44% loss- Tropical Rain Forest
66% loss- Marine Environments
97% loss- Tallgrass Praire

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4
Q

Invasive Species

A

Outcompete native species because no predators, diseases, or parasites to keep population under control
*Garlic Mustard and European Buckthorn

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5
Q

Types of ecosystem services

A

Provisioning, Regulating, Supporting, and Cultural services

pleaseriseslowlycourt

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6
Q

What are ecosystem services?

A

positive benefits provided by biodiversity that supports humans and other life!
-FREE FOR US
*Food
ex:
-Epibetadine- strong pain killer from poison frog
-Caddisfly silk- superglue for wet tissues in surgery

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7
Q

Provisioning Services

A

Biodiversity providing materials needed for survival and development of human societies

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8
Q

Regulating Services

A

Functioning ecosystems needed to support life
-providing clean water, purifying air, forming soils
*contains Resistance and Resilience

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9
Q

Resistance

A

ability of ecosystems to RESIST change
-increased species richness increases the resistance of the habitat

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10
Q

Resilience

A

the ability of ecosystems to RECOVER from change
-increase in species richness increases resilience

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11
Q

Supporting Services

A

support other categories
-1/3 bites of food you eat require POLLINATION
-need BEES, moths, butterflies, beetles

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12
Q

Cultural Services

A

How we integrate nature into our lives
-ecotourism

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13
Q

Ecotourism

A

travel for educational purposes
-aesthetics
-recreation
-education

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14
Q

Values of Biodiversity

A

1) ecosystem services

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15
Q

Stand

A

informal term used when describing an area of forest

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16
Q

Plot

A

the sampling unit used in estimating abundance (usually a circle or rectangle of 100-200 m2 for sampling trees)

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17
Q

Density

A

number of individuals/ area (units used are # trees/ ha)

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18
Q

dbh

A

diameter at breast height, a standard measure of tree size (measured in cm)

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19
Q

Relative Density

A

density for a species/ total density for all species (no units; this is a proportion)

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20
Q

Basal Area

A

cross sectional area of stump at dbh (units are m2)

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21
Q

Dominance

A

basal area of all trees in a given area (units are m2/ ha)

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22
Q

Relative Dominance

A

dominance of a species/ dominance of all species (no units)

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23
Q

Praires

A

grasslands without trees, where fire would frequently burn
-rare now in NE IOWA

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24
Q

savannas

A

grasslands with scattered fire-tolerant bur oaks, quite common in this area
*dissapeared from NE IOWA

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25
Q

Woodlands

A

open forests, look up and there are gaps in canopy to allow sunlight to reach the forest floor
*have noe become filled to be forests in NE IOWA

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26
Q

Forests

A

have highest density of trees, few gaps as you look up from forest floor
*changed in species that grow there now in NE IOWA

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27
Q

Species composition, density, and age structure of deciduous forests in NE IOWA vary because….

A

different tree species respond to differences in
-temperature
-moisture
-light availability
-fire history

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28
Q

Steep North facing slopes have…

A

sure
mama
bake
raisin
orcas
-sugar maple, basswood, red oak
-mesic forests with high diversity of shrubs and rich display of wildflowers
-plant species have adapted to cool, moist, shady conditions and don’t tolerate fire
ex: Twin Springs. Phelps Park

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29
Q

South or West facing slopes have…

A

-oak and hickory
-Drier and warmer climate on flatter parts of the landscape
-fire has played more of a role
example: Parts of Hickory Ridge Woods (HRW)

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30
Q

What is under the canopy of mature trees at HRW?

A

a sub canopy of saplings (young trees) and ironwood, a species that never gets tall enough to reach the canopy

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31
Q

What is the shrub layer?

A

spare, characterized by pickle species (gooseberry and prickly ash) and several invasive species (European buckthorn and Japanese barberry)

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32
Q

What is the herbaceous layer?

A

most interesting in spring when dozens of plant species are in bloom, including woodland phlox, wood anemone, and showy orchis

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33
Q

Environmental factors that affect woody species

A

-amount of sunlight (imp)
-nutrient and moisture availability in soil
-disturbance (type and frequency)
-herbivory
-disease
*plant species differ on how well they grow under different environmental conditions, resulting in interesting patterns in species disturbances

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34
Q

Common tree species in HRW can be ranked by their….

A

shade tolerance and (fire tolerance) is important to note to when a tree is first growing or at the establishment stage

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35
Q

two natural disturbance agents in the region are…

A

wind and fire

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36
Q

fire breaks

A

in hilly areas, steep slopes and river valleys stop spread of fire

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37
Q

What is the most fire resistant tree?

A

bur oak (older than 15 years with thick bark)

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38
Q

What do severe windstorms create?

A

knock down trees and create gaps in the canopy

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39
Q

wolf trees

A

oak trees with low spreading branches that are signs of open savanna or woodland environment
-grew up when there were few other trees around them so spread arches to capture the abundant sunlight available

40
Q

Overarching theme of climate and biomes

A

the distribution of organisms is dependent on both biotic and abiotic factors such as climate

41
Q

weather

A

the specific, short term atmospheric conditions like temp, precipitation, sunlight, wind, humidity

42
Q

climate

A

the prevailing long-term weather conditions in an area
-30 yr avg of weather conditions

43
Q

What affects climate?

A

-solar radiation
-global circulation patterns
-water bodies
-topography

44
Q

solar radiation

A

light from the sun warms the earth (ground) and then warms the air above the ground

45
Q

air (atmosphere)

A

a mix of 02,N2, CO2, and other gases
-holds moisture (water vapor- H20)
-the water vapor is responsible for trapping heat

46
Q

intensity

A

varies on the planet depending on location
-most intense at the equator
-the angle of sunlight changes the intensity

47
Q

Hot air

A

rises
-less dense
-absorbs and holds more water vapor

48
Q

cool air

A

sinks
-more dense and holds less water
-if air has moisture in it when it cools it drops it’s water

49
Q

Relative Humidity

A

how full is the air with water vapor at a certain temp

50
Q

What causes rain

A

hot air at the equator, rises, cools, condenses, and then drops water vapor

51
Q

seasonality

A

the tilt of the axis influences solar intensity and causes seasons

52
Q

Global Circulation Patterns

A

-Hadley Cells
-Coriolis Effect

53
Q

Hadley Cells

A

Areas where most intense radiation warms air and it rises and rains
-deserts 30 degrees
-rainforest at 0 degrees (equator)

54
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

The Earth is spinning towards the east, this deflects the flow of hadley cells moving N or S
-in the N hemisphere they deflect to the right
-in the S hemisphere they deflect to the left
*merri-go-round: you spin faster on the outside edge and slower in the center

55
Q

What way do objects deflect when viewing the pole from the top and entering an object in from the left?

A

deflects to the right
*gets accrued by the surface of planet and maintains its momentum but the area its going over on Earth changes speed

56
Q

What causes bands of wind and which was does the weather move where we live?

A

the Coriolis effect
-we are in the W to E weather

57
Q

Water Bodies

A

oceans and lakes hold heat and moderate weather conditions near by
-fairly stable as air heats and cools

58
Q

Gyres

A

large ocean currents

59
Q

Coastal Climates

A

areas influenced by nearby bodies of water
-coasts are cooler during the summer because breeze is cool coming from water
-coasts are warmer in the winter because breeze is warm coming from the water

60
Q

as wind blows across water, water vapor gets picked up into the air and effects what?

A

precipitation pattern

61
Q

Continental Climates

A

have no large bodies of water around and are far from coasts
-experience extreme temp. fluctuations

62
Q

Topography

A

the physical elevational difference on the landscape and features of the landscape
-mountain ranges influence weather

63
Q

Rain Shadow

A

an area with high evaporations in the shadow of the mountains
-on the downside of mountains
ex in north) black hills in the east
ex in south) andes in west

64
Q

What defines terrestrial biomes

A

rainfall
-forests: >30” of rain/yr
-grass lands: 10-20” rain/yr
-deserts: <10”/yr

65
Q

NE Iowa Climate

A

has temperature and precipitation fluctuations
-“founded where river, woodlands, and prairie meet”

66
Q

Avg temp for Decorah

A

47 degrees F

67
Q

Avg precipitation for Decorah

A

37.2”/yr

68
Q

Aspects of NE Iowa location

A

-in the driftless, karst topography
-on an ecotone between temperature deciduous forest and prairies of Great Plaines
-pre-settlement: oak savanna and tallgrass prairie

69
Q

ecotone

A

a transition from 2 biological communities (can be big- like temperate deciduous forest to prairies of Great Plain) (or small, like Anderson prairie to HRW)

70
Q

what does Deciduous mean?

A

leaves drop and change color

71
Q

How do we know what pre-settlement plant communities were here?

A

we look at pollen cores and public land survey records

72
Q

pollen core

A

hollow tube into ground, analyze the layers of soil

73
Q

pollen

A

male gametes (sperm) plants use to reproduce

74
Q

2800 yr before present- present

A

about 50/50 pollen from trees and herbs so OAK SAVANNA

75
Q

5400 yrs before present to 2800 years before present

A

little tree pollen, mostly herb prairie pollen so PRAIRIE

76
Q

12,000 years ago to 5400 yrs before present

A

lots of tree pollen with herb pollen being mostly spring ephemerals (spring wildflowers) so DECIDUOUS FOREST

77
Q

Where did historic reports come from?

A

Early explorers and early settlers

78
Q

Public Land Survey Records

A

-Mid 1800s
-survey teams mapped out landscape, created maps, established a grid system in order to find where property was

79
Q

Winneshiek County Land Survey

A

-20 townships
-6x6 miles
-each 1x1 mile section (36 per township)

80
Q

How did people know where each section was?

A

at each cross section and each 1/4 of each cross section they used rocks and trees around to “bear witness”

81
Q

What goes into “bearing witness” of a tree

A

-tree species
-diameter (size)
-distance from point

82
Q

witness trees

A

the distance and point and species will tell us the plant community present

83
Q

Tree Density numbers

A

<0.5 (praire) 29%
0.5-47 (savanna) 49%
47-99 (woodland) 10%
>99 (closed forest) 12%

84
Q

ha

A

hector, 100 meters by 100 meters

85
Q

Which factor best explains the distribution of plant communities?

A

precipitation, topography, rivers, and fire (all of these)

86
Q

avg precipitation we get here and what that equivolates too

A

30-40”/yr = oak savanna

87
Q

topography

A

shape and features of land surfaces
-north and south facing slopes

88
Q

rivers

A

diff species of trees
ex) box elders and cottonwoods
-most river-bottoms and the river itself act as a BURN BREAK

89
Q

fire

A

burns uphill and downwind
-in the past by lightning or Native Americans
-fire suppression, or not allowing fires to burn, have changed grasslands on hills here to forest

90
Q

Forest

A

Tree Density: >99 trees/ha

Fire Frequency: Very low

Description: Trees may grow close together; many shade tolerant species such as basswood and maple

Cause: Without fire to kill young trees, a dense forest results. Shade intolerant species cannot persist.
Occurred in Iowa near rivers, on north facing slopes.

91
Q

woodland

A

Tree Density: 47-99 trees/ha

Fire Frequency: Moderate (fires every few years, with gaps)

Description: Trees, but with some spacing. White oak, hickory

Cause: Fire occurs often enough that fire intolerant species cannot become big enough to survive. Was common in NE Iowa.

92
Q

Savanna

A

Tree Density: 0.5-47 trees/ha

Fire Frequency: Frequent (fires usually every 2-5 years, but some gaps)

Description: Grassland, with scattered bur oaks

Cause: Frequent fires kill young trees; fire tolerant oaks establish when gaps occur. Was very common near Decorah.

93
Q

Prairie

A

Tree Density: <0.5 trees/ha

Fire Frequency: Very frequent (few gaps, every 2-5 years)

Description: Grassland without trees except in sheltered areas, such as near streams or in rocky areas

Cause: Fires kill young trees; gaps are too short for even fire tolerant species to become large enough to survive. Most of Iowa west of Decorah.

94
Q

biome

A

a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat
ex) forest or tundra

95
Q

nature deficit disorder

A

we are spending less time outside playing and exploring the natural world

Biology 151 (7 decks)

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