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GEOG 475 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How should one align features?

A

placing elements such that edges line up along common rows or columns or their bodies along a common center

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2
Q

Why should you align features

A

to create a sense of unity

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3
Q

balance _____ in map layouts

A

empty spaces

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4
Q

what can be used to lead a person through a design

A

the rows and columns of a grid or table can be used explicit the relatedness of elements sharing those rows and columns

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5
Q

should you go box crazy?

A

No

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6
Q

What do re-expressions do?

A

Alternative graphic representation where the structure has been altered through some transformation of the original data

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7
Q

What do re-expressions consist of?

A

Subsets of choosing
Re-ordering time series
Changing the duration of individual frames within a time series

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8
Q

What is static?

A

capturing well-known “snapshot representation” where a single state of a phenomena corresponding to one time is shown

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9
Q

What are the advantages to a more dynamic map?

A

More realistic view of phenomena
Gives clearer idea of how change may be occurring

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10
Q

What is a time series?

A

Emphasizes change through time
Based on sequence of observations taken over time

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11
Q

What are fly-overs useful?

A

if they permit viewers to mentally organize and structure the landscape

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12
Q

Ways to make flyovers easier to understand

A

Superimpose a grid on the screen can be useful
Provide a planimetric view that a viewer can recall when viewing a following flyover view
Planimetric and flyover view simultaneously
add a north arrow

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13
Q

Animations can emphasize location _____ than static maps

A

More

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14
Q

what can help with dynamic visual benchmarks distortions

A

Superimposed grid
Monorail
North arrow
Landmarks

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14
Q

Sequencing

A

Where a map is displayed piece by piece

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14
Q

What can animations do?

A

emphasize location

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15
Q

Visual benchmarks

A

reference points with which other frames of an animation are more compared

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16
Q

dynamic visual benchmarks can use _____ from previous frames

A

ghost images

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17
Q

change blindness

A

failure to detect changes in visual field

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18
Q

Exploratory data analysis (EDA)

A

activity in which unknowns are revealed in a highly interactive environment
visualization is key, dynamics is also used

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19
Q

Four goals of EDA

A

Identify spatial pattern for a single attribute at one time
Compare spatial patterns for 2 or more attributes at one time
Identify how a spatial pattern for a single attribute changes over time (and space)
Compare spatial patterns for 2 or more attributes to see how they co-vary over time and space

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20
Q

Methods of EDA

A

Change color scheme on fly
Vary the symbolization -Change map type (dot, proportional, etc)

Manipulate the user’s viewpoint - Pan and zoom, fly over, use a timeslider

Manipulate data -Standardize the data, apply data classification techniques

Highlight portions of a dataset -Focusing where one highlights a subrange of numeric values
Brushing where highlight an arbitrary set of spatial entities

Provide multiple views - More than one map at a time, small multiples

Animation

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21
Q

What do eye studies do?

A

studies to empirically assess the usefulness of dynamic depictions

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22
Q

What did the weather map animation prove?

A

failed. participats tended to extract information based on perceptual salience rather than thematic relevance

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23
Spatial Individuals
have difficulty interpreting abstract spatial representations, such as graphs showed using more excess variables in their forecasting and maps (for weather map prokect)
24
High spatial report for the weather map study
used fewer variables used simple displays put fewer excess variables
25
The 4 contexts to the web
space-spacelessness place-placelessness broadcast-listeners public-private
25
space-spacelessness
Focuses on how the internet has changed the concept of geographic space Collapsed the concept of traditional spatial boundaries Graphic distance is no longer as important Can experience distance via a live webcam and pursue the holdings of any digital collection
26
Place-Placelessness
Internet has effectively removed the concept of geographic space from the process of individuals mingling together Ppl can virtually meet and discuss matters without having to meet them in person
27
broadcaster-listeners
Deals with the distribution and accessibility of information Focus is on the exchange of information between the broadcaster and the listeners Listeners can be more interactive and request/post specific information
28
public-private
Deals with the level at which information is accessible by the global community over the internet Information may be considered to be in the public domain- obtainable without cost Other info is considered private (financial data, health data) and not immediately available
29
Volunteered Geographic information (VGI)
Empowerment of millions of private citizens Largely untrained No obvious reward No guarantee of truth No authority
30
Socially-sensed data
Tweets or social media data Passive collection of locations using Bluetooth from mobile devices Open data (census data, open data portals, also at county level)
31
OpenStreetMap
Free editable map of the whole world Allows you to view,edit, and use geographical data in a collaborative way fro anywhere on Earth Maps are created using cell phones, GPS, imagery etc Congestion charge zones
32
geotags
is the progress of adding geographical identification matadata to various media such as digital photos, video, social media feeds, and is a form of geospatial metadata
33
Geonames
geographical database is available for downloaded free of charge under a creative commons attribution license
34
Geohashing
Originally developed as a URL shortening service but it is now commonly used for spatial indexing (or spatial binning), location searching, mashups, and creating unique place identifiers Is a form of geocoding and commonly refers to an area shorter than regular address, lat/lon
35
Use of geohash: social Networking
used by dating apps to find matches within a particular cell and create chat apps
36
Use of geohash: proximity search
find nearby locations, identify places of interest and accommodation establishments in an area
37
use of geohash custom interactive apps
geohashing can be used to create real-time interactive maps
38
Georeferencing
The ability to determine location quickly and easily Coordinates supplies by GPS, or digitizing efforts, google maps, google earth, plus the other methods we have just been discussing
39
Three types of sensor Networks
inert,fixed carried on moving objexts human beings
40
Citizen science
Network of amateur observers Trained and skilled
41
Participant populations
Open to all- wikimapia, OpenStreetMap Trained or skilled volunteers- christmas Bird Count School Children- GLOBE Vehicle Fleets- INRIX- largest traffic network in the world Farmers-Precision agriculture Broadening: the traditional top-down flow form authorities
42
Broadening
the traditional top-down flow from authorities
43
VGI and citizen efforts imply_____
connectivity
44
Why do people do this map stuffs
Altruism A desire to fill gaps in available data sharing with friends self-promotion
44
Alturism
a belief that everything on the Web can be found
45
VGI contributions to geography
enhancing knowledge of earth local focus engaging citizens
46
Unresolved Questions
How trustworthy is the data preservation social psychology
46
Expert maps
soil maps neogeography
47
Neogeography
new world in which the distinction between expert and non-expert disappears academics love it cause they can weight in
48
Forms of expertise
measurement: GPS, coordinate systems, projects cartography- principles of mapping subject matter or domain expertise: precision agriculture, hydrology, soils
49
_________ and __________ are applied to understand topics in social media posts and associate topics with locations
Latent semantic analysis topic modeling
50
Web Mapping
uses tiles
51
tiles
chunks of raster or vector data and represent one of the basic elements of a web map 256 X 256 are the most common tile coordinates are tuples with three elements Tile:[zoom, column, row] Tile coordinantes uniquely identify maps because they include a zoom level
52
Slippy Maps (web map or raster tile)
is a map displayed in a browser by seamlessly joining dozens of individually requested image files over the internet Tiles can be loaded on the fly as the user browses around a map to give the impression of a large seamless image refers to maps that let you zoom and pan around
53
Leaflet
Leaving open-source JavaScript library for mobile-friendly interactive maps Slippy maps with tile base layers, panning and zooming, and feature layers that you supply. It handles various basic tasks like converting data to map layers and mouse interactions, and it’s easy to extend with plugins. It will also work well across most types of devices DOESN'T provide the data framework for showing and interacting with map data
54
GeoJSON
Open standard format for encoding a variety of geographic data structures Popular data format among many GIS technologies and services - Conductive to use with web services, static websites, and distributing datasets for visualization represent geometry, feature, or collection of features
55
Features in GeoJSON
in GeoJSON contain a geometry object and additional properties, and a feature collection represents a list of features
56
ArcGIS Online
Provides a common platform for ArcGIS users to discover and share geographic content and to build GIS applications Can directly connect to maps, layers, tasks, and tools published by ESRI and other ArcGIS users, and you can also upload your own maps and data to share with a broad community of users.
57
3D interface tips
Be careful in your use of occlusion/blockage of elements, shadows, perspective Keep text readable Avoid: unnecessary visual clutter distraction contrast shift Reflections (especially in water bodies) Emphasis on detail and characteristics
58
ArcGIS 3D Analyst
ArcGlobe visualizes on a globe, ArcScene 3D features. 3D proximity Area and volume Point cloud, for LIDAR data Triangulated surfaces, for terrain Skyline tools Visibility
59
Accessibility Technology
Tactile map for visually impaired (3D rendering of area) Smart canes have audio and voice assistance, vibrating handles
60
Augmented geographic reality
Weak link with current GPS accuracy Outdoor accuracy for GPS is around 10m (weak) Indoor accuracy for GPS is 2m, better from wifi, ~1m with beacons, <1m with RFID All augmented reality at ESRI is directed towards AR efforted for mobile devices (what can be done and shown with phones) Avatars Tabletop virtual reality Table is intuitive, we know how to interact No motion sickness Developing capabilities like multi touch Smart sunglasses by Ray Bans and Meta has a camera and 5 mics to capture perspective as the wearer moves around in space
61
Redlining
practice of discriminating against residents of an area based on race or ethnicity through systematic politics that deny financial services (esp. mortgages) that are applied based on location

GEOG 475 (3 decks)

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