Global Health > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Why is women’s health important

A

Women suffer inequalities and discrimination, women’s health impacts everyone’s health (women create everyone)

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2
Q

Maternal death

A

Death of a woman while pregnant, during delivery, or within 42 days of delivery

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3
Q

Obstetric fistula

A

An injury in the birth canal that allows leakage from the bladder or rectum into the vagina, leaving a woman permanently incontinent
Usually from prolonged or failed childbirth
2 million women globally
Often stigmatized and abandoned

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4
Q

Leading causes of mortality for women in low, lower middle, upper middle, and high income countries

A

LI: mainly group 1 causes (communicable, maternal, nutrition), a few group 2
LMI: 4/10 group 1, 6/10 group 2
UMI + HI: 9/10 group 2 causes, LRTI is only group 1,at least 2 types of cancer
*ischemic heart disease is #1 cause of death in all countries, higher the income the higher Alzheimer’s is

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5
Q

Leading risk factors for female death in all countries, then high and low specifically

A

All: high BP, high fasting glucose, ambient particulate matter
Low: related to group 1 (unsafe WASH), air quality
High: related to group 2 (modifiable such as diet, exercise, lifestyle), high BMI

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6
Q

What are some biological determinants of women’s health?

A
  • pregnancy complications
  • increased susceptibility to some STIs (vagina is more inviting than wiener)
  • health conditions specific to women (cervical/ovarian cancer, anemia)
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7
Q

What are some social determinants of women’s health?

A
  • Male preference (girl babies killed or neglected, men eat first and women eat what’s left)
  • Low social status
  • household roles (resp problems from cooking with poor ventilation)
  • Poverty, low education rates (higher impact on women)
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8
Q

What areas should be the focus for women’s health

A
  1. Reproductive health
  2. Group 1 causes
  3. Noncommunicable diseases
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9
Q

What are the 4 types of female genital mutilation?

A

Type 1: partial or total removal of the clit
Type 2: partial or total removal of the clit, labia minora and sometimes majora
Type 3 (infibulation): narrowing of vaginal opening by sealing it using the labia
Type 4: other harmful procedures to the genitalia for non-medical purposes (poking, piercing, incising)

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10
Q

What is the cultural involvement of FGM, when is it carried out, and what is the prevalence?

A

Cultural: femininity, modesty, cleanliness, community belief
Age: up to 15
Prevalence: decreased significantly in Africa and northeast Africa

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11
Q

How many women have experienced IPV, sexual/physical violence, and what portion of murdered women are murdered by an intimate partner?

A

1/3

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for IPV

A

Having a young partner, substance use, violent partner, low economic status, and social isolation

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13
Q

How has rape been used as weapon of war?

A

In 1990 as an instrument of ethnic cleansing
Raped by HIV positive men
Constitutes genocide

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14
Q

What are the 4 criteria for safe abortion

A

Trained provider
Proper equipment
Proper techniques
Sanitary standards

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15
Q

What percentage of abortions are deemed to be unsafe globally and what are some complications

A

45%
Infection, sepsis, death, hemorrhage, damage to vag, bladder dysfunction, chronic pain, risk to future pregnancies, hysterectomies

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16
Q

Why are unsafe abortion rates so high in Africa and South America

A

Laws and policies, male preferences, access, lack of education and safe sex, religion and culture, colonization

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17
Q

How can obstetric fistulas be reduced

A

Preventing delays in:
Seeking treatment
Having a long trip to HC centres
Care at hospitals
Also: stop harmful traditional practices, have skilled birth attendants, financial support

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18
Q

Communicable disease rates and impact

A

15% of deaths
19% of DALYs
Cause 50% of deaths and DALYs in LI and MI countries
Worse for poor people
Economic consequences
Related to sustainable development goals

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19
Q

Case fatality rate

A

Proportion of people with a particular condition who die from that condition (# of fatalities divided by number of cases)
More specific than mortality

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20
Q

Control (disease control)

A

Receding the incidence and prevalence of a disease to an acceptable level

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21
Q

Elimination (of disease)

A

Reducing incidence of a disease in a specific area to 0

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22
Q

Eradication

A

Termination of all cases of a disease and its transmission globally

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23
Q

Emerging infectious disease

A

A newly discovered disease

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24
Q

Re-emerging infectious disease

A

An existing disease that has increased in incidence, spread to a new place, or has taken new forms

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25
Parasite
Organism that lives in or on another organism and takes its nourishment from that organism
26
What are the transmission pathways and 2 examples of each (7)
Foodborne: salmonella, e.coli Waterborne: cholera, rota virus Sexual or blood borne: HIV, Hep C Vector Borne: malaria, dengue Inhalation: influenza, TB Non-traumatic contact: anthrax, ringworm Traumatic contact: rabies, plague
27
What are some control measures used for communicable diseases
Vaccination, mass drug administration, vector control (bug spray), improved WASH, education, case management, improved care, surveillance, reporting, containment, behavioural change
28
What are some of the trends with communicable disease
Highest burden in LI countries Higher income lower deaths Small portion of deaths in HI countries Weight of disease varies by region
29
List 5 examples of emerging infections
Ebola in Zaire (1976) Hantavirus in USA (1993) Bird flu in China (1997) SARS in China (2002) COVID in China (2020)
30
Give 3 examples of re-emerging infections
Pneumonic and bubonic plague in India (1994) Cholera in Peru (1997) Dengue in Florida (2009)
31
What are the most common transmission routes that cause re-emerging diseases
Zoonoses (events from wildlife) Vector borne (mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas)
32
What are some reasons why communicable diseases keep coming back?
Microbial adaptation, human susceptibility, climate change, economic development (invading land closer to vectors), human behaviours (handwashing), tech and industry, international travel, public health breakdown or misuse, poverty/social inequity, war and famine, politics, intent to harm
33
How is drug resistance affecting communicable diseases
Risk of a post antibiotic era Making treatment for a lot of diseases difficult (TB, malaria)
34
What are some contributing factors to drug resistance
Increased use, inappropriate use, poor prescribing and dispensing, poor quality drugs, overuse in agriculture, poor labs
35
What factors are affecting the speed of spread of disease
Weak infection control in health care settings Poor WASH Lack of surveillance Late detection and delayed treatment
36
What can we do about the spread of communicable disease
Sensitive Surveillance systems Rapid detection and response Effective containment Share info between countries
37
What are major global pathogens (5)
HIV/AIDS TB Malaria Diarrheal Disease Neglected tropical diseases
38
What are NTDs
Neglected tropical diseases Found in subtropical and tropical areas Women, children, pregnant women, people who live in poor env/hygiene standards, farmers, and those who drink/bathe in rivers are most at risk
39
How do NTDs affect health
Child growth and development Harmful to pregnancy Long term debilitating illnesses Extraordinary amount of ill health, disability, disfigurement Unable to work productively Economic loss
40
How are NTDs being reduced
Preventative drugs (50 cents a year in sub-Saharan Africa) Not a lot of finances put in
41
What is trypanosomiasis and its adverse effects
vector borne parasitic disease that causes fever, headache, joint pain early on, then can cross BBB into CNS and cause confusion, sensory disturbances and is fatal without treatment
42
What is schistosomiasis and its adverse effects
Parasitic infection caused by flatworms or blood flukes. 30-60 days: fever, chills, cough, aches After years: stomach pain, enlarged liver, hematuria, dysuria, blood in feces, miscarriage Chronic: liver scarring, bladder cancer
43
Name one NTD and describe it in detail
IDK what you picked Here’s mine: Cysticercosis: infection from tape worm eggs transmission: foodborne and waterborne (eating or drinking contaminated by tapeworm eggs) symptoms: seizures, headache, nausea, vision loss treatment: anti seizure medications, anti parasite medications, surgery prevention/control: WASH, education at risk: farming communities in developing countries (Africa, Asia, Latin America)
44
What are the largest causes of injuries worldwide
Road injury Poisoning Falls Fires Drownings
45
What is the leading cause of death and DALYs worldwide
Injuries
46
Injury definition and examples
Result of an act that damages, harms, or hurts Road and transport related Poisoning, falls, fires, drowning Animal contact Exposure to forces (natural or mechanical) Adverse effects of medical treatment Other unintentional injuries
47
Unintentional injuries
No evidence of predetermined intent
48
Intentional injuries
Done with intention of harm to self or others
49
What is the leading cause of injury related deaths in 3/4 income groups
Road traffic injuries
50
What is the highest cause of injury related deaths in high income countries
Self harm/falls
51
How do injuries affect women vs men
More men die from injuries Especially road injuries In lower income countries more women die in fires (cooking)
52
What are the trends in injuries in children and adolescents
#1 is road injuries Drowning high in younger kids Conflict and terror Most injury related deaths in kids occur in LI and MI countries As they grow up self harm and IPV become bigger
53
What are some risk factors for falls
Physical activity Age and physical condition Socioeconomic status
54
What are some risk factors for burns
Low income, poor housing Crowded living Rural living Children
55
What are some risk factors for drowning
Young kids, males ADLs near water Recreational activities Kids from big poor families
56
What are some risk factors for poisoning
Use of non-standard containers Storing poisons where kids can reach Lower income and lack of supervision
57
What are some risk factors for road injuries
Increasing use of motorcycles and vehicles Less road planning, poor design and signage Lax enforcement of speed limits Less safe vehicles
58
Why is hazardous child labour significant in subsaharan africa?
23-27% of kids 12-14yrs old Dangerous Decreases development and well-being Accidents and illness common Keeps kids out of school=poor education Average combined DALY rate above 0.5 per child per year
59
What is the cost of injuries worldwide
Most countries it costs 3% of GDP
60
What are some direct costs of injuries
Hospitalization Medical care Rehab Funeral services
61
What are some indirect costs of injuries
Lost wages Loss of productivity Sick leave Disability payments Insurance payouts Family care costs
62
What are some psychosocial consequences of injuries
Pain Fatigue Memory loss Changes in work status Altered family dynamics
63
How did Vietnamese motorcycle helmets help with road injuries
In the early 2000s only 1/3 of riders were wearing helmets Low enforcement and small penalty’s In 2007 they made helmets mandatory and a huge penalty Huge uptake in wearing helmets and thousands of injuries avoided
64
What is the emergency care system framework
Intervention for consequences of injury Split into care at the scene, transport and in the facility Basically all the things that need to be in place for an emergency to be well managed
65
Why is injury care a good investment
Helps avoid the cost of early death, complications, prolonged recovery, and preventable disability, lost wages and productivity for society
66
Why is nutrition important?
Affects schooling, labor productivity (income), survival/thriving of young kids It’s a complicated issue that has been changing drastically in the last few years
67
How does nutrition relate to the sustainable development goals?
Links to all of them but specifically poverty (gotta pay for food) And life under the water (lots of people rely on fish) Zero hunger
68
How does nutrition impact maternal and child health
Good nutrition = good health 45% of death in children under 5 is due to nutrition Nutritional deficits under 2 can cause irreparable damage Obesity is becoming more common in both sexes
69
What do underweight and micronutrient deficiencies lead to?
Increased length and frequency and length of illness More deaths due to diarrhea Measles, pneumonia, malaria
70
What are some malnutrition problems?
Undernutrition (low birthweight, wasting, stunting, micronutrient deficiencies) Micronutrient deficiencies (vit a, iodine, iron, zinc) Overweight and obesity (fats, sodium, added sugar, carbs)
71
Who does undernutrition affect
everyone cause everyone eats, but mainly pregnancy and young children and old people
72
What are the main determinants of nutritional status
Complicated process but the main components are disease and inadequate dietary intake and how they are intertwined
73
What is wasting
When children aren’t meeting their growth curve in both height and weight Can be from recent malnutrition or illness
74
What is stunting
When children aren’t meeting their growth curve for height Result of chronic or recurrent malnutrition Prevents children from reaching their full potential
75
What are some signs we can look for in children to assess for malnutrition
Skinny, frail, small arm circumference, edema in feet
76
What is severe acute malnutrition
Weight for height measurement that is 3 standard deviations below where they should be on growth charts Medical emergency that requires inpatient treatment and community management
77
What was in the kit for managing severe acute malnutrition in South Sudan?
Medicines including deworming drugs, oral rehydration therapy, antibiotics, protein supplements, and malaria drugs
78
What are the most critical interventions for undernutrition?
Breastfeeding (iron), complementary foods, supplementation, improve WASH, focus on marginalized populations, use a coordinated intersectoral approach that addresses WASH, vaccination, food availability and insecurity.
79
What foods have vitamin A and what is the deficiency associated with it
Carrots and peppers Vision impairments and poor immune system
80
What foods have Iodine in them and what are the associated health issues with deficiency
Seaweed, salt, eggs, dairy, fish Hypothyroidism
81
What food have Zinc in them and what health issues are associated with deficiency
Whole grains and nuts Poor immune system, bones, skin, reproductive system, and CNS
82
What foods have folic acid and what health issues are associated with deficiency
Broccoli, kale, spinach, chickpeas Anemia
83
What is culture
Behaviour and beliefs that are learned and shared
84
What are cultural influences
The individual, family, religion, social groups, art, economy
85
What is ethnocentrism
Looking at another culture solely through the view of your own society and judging it based on what you deem it to be lacking
86
What is cultural relitivism
Cultures are unique and can only be evaluated using their own standards and values
87
What is traditional medicine
Knowledge, skills, and beliefs that are used traditionally to to improve or treat health conditions
88
What is cultural competence
Ability interact with people of different cultures in a respectful and responsive way.
89
What is cultural humility
Self reflection and critique where we first examine our own culture before learning about another
90
Why is culture an important determinant of health
Related to peoples perceptions of health, illness, health behaviours, and how/if they use health services
91
What is illness
Personal, interpersonal, and cultural reactions to disease or discomfort
92
What is disease
Malfunctioning or maladaptation of biological and psycho-physiological processes in the individual
93
What is folk illness
Cultural interpretations of physical states that people perceive to be illness, but that do not have a physiologic cause
94
What are the 4 categories of folk illness
Body balances (temp, energy, blood), emotional, supernatural, sexual
95
How do some cultures prevent illness
Taboos such as avoiding eating certain foods when pregnant Rituals such as tribal marks
96
What are patterns of resort and what are they affected by
How you use western medicine (resorting to going to the doctor) Cost, reputation of provider, and how the provider treats you socially
97
What are some examples of indigenous service providers
Midwives, shamans, witches, sorcerers
98
What are some examples of western service providers
Nurses Doctors Dentists
99
What are some examples of other medical systems
Chinese medical system Chemists/herbalists Acupuncturists
100
True or false: all cultural health practices enable good health
False, some do not
101
What is the ecological perspective
Health behaviours are affected by influence People start smoking in high school because its cool
102
What is the health belief model?
Peoples health behaviours depend on their perceptions of how bad they think the disease will be and how effective prevention will be (basically is it worth it to put in this effort)
103
What must be assessed to understand health behaviours
Behaviours that are taking place If they are helpful or not Motivation for these behaviours Likely responses to different approaches to changing unhealthy behaviours
104
What are some strategies to make behaviour changes
Community mobilization, mass media education, social media campaigns Social marketing (4 Ps: product, place, price, promotion)
105
What is one cultural wellness activity and how does it affect health? Are there changes that should be made?
Fika: practice of taking a break to enjoy tea or coffee and a pastry and socialize in Sweden Good for mental health Maybe swap out sweeter foods for healthier alternatives.
106

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