Quiz 3

Question 1

Retrieval Failure

Answer 1

failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded.

Question 2

Interference Theory

Answer 2

occurs in learning when there is an interaction between the new material and transfer effects of past learned behavior, memories or thoughts that have a negative influence in comprehending the new material.

Question 3

Decay Theory

Answer 3

proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time. Information is therefore less available for later retrieval as time passes and memory, as well as memory strength, wears away.

Question 4

`Phonemes

Answer 4

Smallest units of sound that can serve to distinguish words in language

Question 5

False Memories

Answer 5

an apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur, memory is highly suggestible and can be unreliable

Question 6

Encoding Failure

Answer 6

refers to the brain’s occasional failure to create a memory link. Encoding refers to the brain’s ability to store and recall events and information, either short or long-term.

Question 7

Retroactive Interfereance

Answer 7

a phenomenon that occurs when newly learned information interferes with and impedes the recall of previously learned information.

Question 8

Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924)

Answer 8

Sleep has a positive effect on memory because there is no interference while awake.

Question 9

Waugh & Norman – probe digit task

Answer 9

• Conducted a test to determine whether information is really loss from decay or interference.
• The test consisted of 16 digits which followed a pattern, and the participants were asked to name what digit would have been next.
• This showed that that forgetting was interference based rather than time based.

Question 10

Imagination Inflation

Answer 10

refers to the finding that imagining an event which never happened can increase confidence that it actually occurred. This effect is relevant to the study of memory and cognition, particularly false memory

Question 11

Eye Witness memory

Answer 11

Not reliable, especially during a traumatic incident, or when a gun is involved.

Question 12

Misinformation Effect

Answer 12

refers to the impairment in memory for the past that arises after exposure to misleading information.

Question 13

Cog lab False Memory

Answer 13

Showed us a list of words that all interrelated, then had us pick those words from a word bank

• we were more likely to pick words that had to do with the topic, but were not shown on screen
• This teaches us that oftentimes our brains “fill in the blanks”

Question 14

Linguistics

Answer 14

Study of language and it’s rules

Question 15

Flashbulb memories

Answer 15

a detailed and vivid memory that is often associated with strong emotions, some can be nationwide such as 9/11, or they can be unique to you, like the birth of a sibling.

Question 16

Categorization

Answer 16

Categorization is the process through which objects are sorted and classified, Ex. dogs, fruits, men, women,

Question 17

Keppel & Underwood - role of interference in Brown-Peterson method

Answer 17

examined the effect of proactive interference on long-term memory by being given three letters, then a list of numbers that followed a pattern.

• at the end of the task they were either asked what the last number would have been, OR what the three letters at the beginning were.
• This helped prove the idea of Proactive interference, which occurs when old information stored in long-term memory, interferes with the learning of new information.

Question 18

Exemplar Model

Answer 18

argues that individuals make category judgments by comparing new stimuli with instances already stored in memory.

Question 19

Prototype model

Answer 19

The idea that in order to categorize we first adopt a prototype, which helps sort things into the appropriate categories

Question 20

Semantic Organization

Answer 20

• Compare to prototype model

- Defining features and characteristic features

Question 21

Hierarchical Category Organization

Answer 21

• Super-ordinate
• Basic
• Subordinate

Question 22

Hierarchical Example

Answer 22

• Superordinate:
  
  • Vehicle
• Basic
  
  • Car, Boat, Train
• Subordinate:
  
  • SUV, Convertible,Sail, Tug, Freight, Passage, Subway

Question 23

Spreading Activation Model

Answer 23

Compares neural networks

Question 24

Typicality

Answer 24

• Claims made about categorical representation and semantic organization rest on the influence of typicality
• Typicality judgement= systematic reflection of the world in which we live- sometimes:
• reflecting frequency of encounter
• reflects beliefs about what is central= judgment aren’t random

Question 25

Development of Nicaraguan Sign Language | -Structure and development

Answer 25

- Child learners are creating Nicaraguan sign language - Knowledge of language structure or ability to draw from environment - Some natural abilities involved in language may be unique to early ages of development

Question 26

Syntax (Chomsky and Pinker) (Phrase Structure Grammar)

Answer 26

- Descriptive (not prescriptive) | - Phrase structure grammar

Question 27

Morphemes

Answer 27

Smallest units of language that carry meanings, can stand alone - talk - umpire

Question 28

Ambiguity

Answer 28

Two meanings that correspond to two different phrase structures - They are racing horses - Eye drops off shelf - Hospitals are sued by 7 foot doctors - Miners refuse to work after death - Complaints about NBA refs growing ugly

Question 29

Hierarchy of Linguistic Units

Answer 29

``` Sentence Phrase Word Morpheme Phoneme ```

Question 30

Manner of production

Answer 30

Distinguish sounds first according to how air is restricted | -air flow can be stopped or restricted

Question 31

Pragmatics

Answer 31

How language is ordinarily used -They sell horseshoes They sell alligator shoes

Question 32

Place of articulation

Answer 32

Sounds can be categorized according to where the airflow is restricted

Question 33

Phrase Structure Rules

Answer 33

Stipulations that list the elements that appear in a phrase and specify the sequence of those elements - Determine overall organization or sentence - How elements are linked to one another

Question 34

Descriptive Rules

Answer 34

Rules characterizing the language as it is ordinarily used by fluent speakers or listeners

Question 35

What is language?

Answer 35

Collection of symbols and rules for combining symbols, which can express an infinite variety of messages -Symbolic communication based on sounds, written symbols, and gestures

Question 36

Psycholinguistics

Answer 36

Study of the way language is used by people to speak, write, read, think

Question 37

Logical Structure of Language

Answer 37

- Phonology - Phonemes - Phonemes and subphonemes - Morphemes

Question 38

Problems with Syntax (Transformational grammar)

Answer 38

- Same words/ different meanings - Student barked @ the dog - The dog barked @ the student - Different words/same meanings - the boy ate the pizza - The pizza was eaten by the boy

Question 39

Surface vs. Deep Structure

Answer 39

DEEP STRUCTURE - Sentences with different structures that mean the same thing - Boy ate the pizza (active) - Pizza was eaten by the boy (passive)

Question 40

Three Major Points of Surface vs Deep Structure

Answer 40

- In order to understand that two different sentences can have the same meaning but different surface structures we have to propose something like deep structure - Transformations map deep structure to surface structure (transformational grammar) - Takes more transformations to generate a passive sentence than an active sentence

Question 41

Hockett's Linguistic Universals

Answer 41

1) Reproductibility- we can prove anything that we can comprehend 2) Total Feedback- we hear or see what we say 3) Specialization -language is used to communicate 4) Semantic-Language conveys meaning and symbols of language have conventional meaning 5) Arbitrariness-No inherent connection between the units (sounds or words) employed by a language and the meanings reffered to by those units 6) Discreteness- A language is a hierarchy of discrete elements from sounds to messages 7) Displacement-We can talk about things outside of our immediate experience (past, present, future) 8) Openness 9) Traditional Transmission- many aspects of language are learned from experience 10) Duality of structure- Language has two main systems (sounds and meanings) that a related by rules (grammar)