Quiz 3

Question 1

priming

Answer 1

our memory system is a web of associations, and priming is the awakening or activating certain associations.

Question 2

belief perseverance

Answer 2

persistence of one’s initial conceptions, as wen the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.

Question 3

misinformation effect

Answer 3

when a person’s recall of episodic memory becomes less accurate due to post-event information.

Question 4

controlled processing (explicit)

Answer 4

“explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious.

Question 5

automatic processing (implicit)

Answer 5

“implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to “intuition.”

Question 6

overconfidence phenomenon

Answer 6

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs.

Question 7

confirmation bias

Answer 7

a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

Question 8

heuristic

Answer 8

a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements.

Question 9

representativeness heuristic (represent typical member)

Answer 9

the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member.

Question 10

availability heuristic

Answer 10

a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. if instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.

Question 11

counterfactual thinking

Answer 11

imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.

Question 12

illusory correlation

Answer 12

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

Question 13

illusion of control (uncontrollable as controllable)

Answer 13

perception of uncontrollable events as subjects to one’s control or as more controllable than they are.

Question 14

regression towards the average

Answer 14

the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average.

Question 15

misattribution

Answer 15

mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source.

Question 16

attribution theory

Answer 16

the theory of how people explain others’ behavior - for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations.

Question 17

dispositional attribution

Answer 17

attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits.

Question 18

situational attribution

Answer 18

attributing behavior to the environment.

Question 19

spontaneous trait inference

Answer 19

an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior.

Question 20

self-awareness

Answer 20

a self-conscious state where attention focuses on oneself. it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions.

Question 21

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 21

When our ideas lead us to act in ways that produce their apparent confirmation.

Question 22

behavioral confirmation (SFP)

Answer 22

a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.