Quiz 3

Question 1

What is appeal to authority?

Answer 1

The fallacy of relying on the opinion of someone deemed to be an expert who is in fact not an expert

Question 2

What is a fallacy?

Answer 2

An argument form that is both common and defective; a recurring mistake in reasoning

Question 3

What is a genetic fallacy?

Answer 3

The fallacy of arguing that a claim is true or false solely because of its origin

Question 4

Give an example of a genetic fallacy.

Answer 4

anything that argues against the origin of the argument

All men are discussing is a bad argument because it came for Larry who is a man

Question 5

What is appeal to the person/ad hominem?

Answer 5

The fallacy of rejecting a claim by criticizing their person who makes it rather than the claim itself. Ad hominem means “to the man”

Question 6

Give an example of appeal to the person

Answer 6

Don’t listen to a word Larry says, he is a liberal.

Question 7

What is tu quoque (“you’re another”)?

Answer 7

A type of ad hominem fallacy that argues that a claim must be true (or false) just because the claimant is hypocritical

Question 8

What is an example of tu quoque (“you’re another”)?

Answer 8

Anything that attacks the person for being hypocritical

Larry says to drive electric cars to help stop global warming but he uses a gas car. What a hypocrite, therefore I’m going to reject this claim.

Question 9

What is “poisoning the well” and some examples for it

Answer 9

“You can’t get safe water out of a poison well”
They always lie or have no reason to tell the truth

Larry always lies so what’s the point of listening to home

Question 10

What is the fallacy of composition?

Answer 10

The fallacy of arguing that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole. The error is thinking that the characteristics of the parts are somehow transferred to the whole, something that is not always the case

Question 11

Give an example of composition.

Answer 11

Anything about how a small part of something is equivalent to the whole thing

The stairs in the house is falling apart, therefore the whole house is falling apart

Question 12

What is division?

Answer 12

The fallacy of arguing that what is true of the whole must be true in parts. The error is thinking that the characteristics of the whole must transfer to the parts of that traits of the group must be the same traits of the individuals in the group

Question 13

Give an example of division.

Answer 13

The whole house is falling apart therefore the stairs must be falling apart

Question 14

What is equivocation?

Answer 14

The fallacy of using a word in two different senses in an argument

Question 15

Give an example of equivocation.

Answer 15

Only man is rational
No woman is man
Therefore, no woman is rational

Question 16

What is appeal to popularity (or to the masses?)

Answer 16

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it.

Question 17

Give an example of appeal to popularity.

Answer 17

Anything that says you should believe it just because a lot of people believe it

Trump is a horrible human being because 90% of people said that he is

Question 18

What is appeal to common practice?

Answer 18

The fallacy of accepting or rejecting a claim solely on the basis of what groups of people generally do or how they behave (when the action or behaviour is irrelevant to the truth of the claim)

Question 19

Give an example of appeal to common practice.

Answer 19

Everyone else jumped off the bridge, why can’t I?

Question 20

What is appeal to tradition?

Answer 20

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true just because it’s part of a tradition

Question 21

Give an example for appeal to tradition.

Answer 21

We should stone Larry because our crops are bad this year and back in the day they used to stone people to grow crops

Question 22

What is appeal to ignorance?

Answer 22

The fallacy is arguing that a lack of evidence proves something. In one type of this fallacy, the problem arises by thinking that a claim must be true because it hasn’t been shown to be false. In another type, the break-down in logic comes when you argue that a claim must be false because it hasn’t been proven to be true

Question 23

What are examples of appeal to ignorance?

Answer 23

Anything saying that there is no evidence therefore…

There is no evidence that zombies are real therefore zombies are not real

Question 24

What is burden of proof and give an example.

Answer 24

The weight of evidence or argument required by one side in a debate or disagreement

If you can’t prove that zombies are real then they must be fake

Question 25

What is appeal to emotion?

Answer 25

The fallacy of using emotions in place of relevant reasons as premises in an argument

Question 26

Give an example of appealing to emotion?

Answer 26

I just got in a car accident and I can’t pay for my medical bills, could you give me some money

Question 27

What is a red herring?

Answer 27

The fallacy of deliberately raising an irrelevent issue during an argument. The issue during and argument. The basic pattern is to put forth a claim and then couple it with additional claims that may seem to support it but, in fact, are mere distractions

Question 28

Give an example of red herring?

Answer 28

Anything that raises an irrelevant issue University should be free, I can’t believe my university is downtown.

Question 29

What is straw man?

Answer 29

The fallacy of distorting, weakening or oversimplifying someone’s position so it can be more easily attacked or refuted.

Question 30

Give an example of a straw man.

Answer 30

Anything that over simplifies an argument. Larry thinks Trump is funny. Then that means he think that kicking out illegal immigrants and being racist is funny. Clearly Larry is wrong.

Question 31

What is begging the question?

Answer 31

The fallacy of attempting to establish the conclusion of an argument by using that conclusion as a premise. Also called arguing in circle.

Question 32

Give an example of begging the question.

Answer 32

Anytime you repeat the premise in the conclusion P Therefore P Larry is the meanest person ever. Therefore when it comes down to it, when you check your history books it will say Larry under the title “The most evil person ever”

Question 33

What is false dilemma?

Answer 33

The Fallacy of asserting that there are only two alternatives to consider when there are actually more than two

Question 34

Give an example of false dilemma.

Answer 34

Anything that gives two options when there is more. You either love pizza or you are a vegetarian. You don’t like pizza. Therefore you’re a vegetarian.

Question 35

What is a slippery slope?

Answer 35

The fallacy of arguing without good reasons, that taking a particular step will inevitably lead to further undesirable steps.

Question 36

Give an example of a slippery slope.

Answer 36

Anything that has a domino effect but there is no good reason for A to become B to become C and so on and so forth If I get a bad grade on this test I’m going to fail this course and if that happens I’m going to fail all my other courses and if that happens I’m going to not graduate university and if that happens I’m not going to have a job and be homeless for the rest of my life

Question 37

What is a hasty generalization?

Answer 37

The fallacy of drawing a conclusion about a target group on the basis of too small a sample

Question 38

Give an example of hasty generalization.

Answer 38

I met I guy named Larry once and he was so mean, I will never want to ever have a friend named Larry since he’s going to be mean too

Question 39

What is faulty analogy?

Answer 39

An argument making use of analogy, reasoning that because two or more things are similar in several respects they must be similar in further respect.

Question 40

Give an example of argument by analogy.

Answer 40

Anything the compares to things that are kind of similar but not for arguments sake Putting cheese on pizza and broccoli make both of them taste so good. Putting pepperoni on pizza makes pizza so good. Therefore putting pepperoni on broccoli makes broccoli taste so good.

Question 41

What are the irrelevant premises?

Answer 41

All of the appeal to... ``` Genetic fallacy Composition Division Red herring Straw man ```