Quiz 3 - Chapter 4 Flashcards by Madelynn Hamilton

What justice system involvement is there in the case of less serious crimes/lack of criminal history?

Receive bail and await trial in community under conditions/court sanctions

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What sorts of conditions might be involved in the case of less serious crimes/lack of criminal history?

Promise to appear
Report to peace officer regularly
Good behaviour
Association rules
House arrest

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What justice system involvement is there in the case of more serious crimes/criminal history?

Remanded in custody/jail to await release, trial, or plea bargain

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What kind of bargains are more common in Canada?

Plea bargain

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Plea bargain

Pleading guilty to get a reduced sentence (usually 3 yrs)

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How do jail placements get decided?

After a risk assessment by corrections and healthcare staff

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What happens after the initial jail placement?

Within a month, transferred to reception prison, then reassessed

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What is the risk assessment for?

Custody classification (minimum, medium, or maximum prison)

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What is the risk assessment based on?

How the offender will adjust
The risk of escape
Public safety

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Correctional plan

Criminogenic needs and program requirements are assessed

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What kind of meetings are needed in the case of more serious crimes/criminal history?

Regular contact with parole officer

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What happens when someone enters a medium or maximum-security prison?

After 1 year, parole officer reassesses suitability for lower security
Continues to monitor progress on correctional plan

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What is something that may happen when someone enters a medium or maximum-security prison?

Offender may apply for parole

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Common type of parole

Day parole (supervised) spent in halfway house for 3-6 months before release

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What are some common stipulations of day parole?

Avoid criminal peers and illicit drugs
Seek and maintain employment
Complete maintenance programming to maintain gains

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Prevalence of technical violation or committing a new crime on day parole

10-38%

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Name 6 purposes of punishment

Denouncement
Deterrence
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
Social retribution
Promotion of responsibility

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Is punishment found to be effective?

Little evidence for effectiveness
“Eye for an eye” is more principle than practical
Punishment lacks immediacy, consistency, and intensity
Vast majority of criminals re-enter society

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What has been found regarding programs focused on rehabilitation?

They are more humanizing and are likely more effective

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Give 5 examples of rehabilitation programs from the video from class?

Animal farms
Financial literacy class
Horse training
Drama program
Boudot dancing

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Why might the examples from the video have worked in lieu of traditional punishment?

Gives individuals a sense of purpose/motivation –> building prosocial attitudes and behaviour

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Does punishment as deterrence work?

Longer sentences often lead to increased rates of recidivism

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Jail time and economic crimes

No difference in recidivism in jail time vs. no jail time on “white collar” crimes

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Death penalty and deterrance

Death penalty has no effect on deterrence

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What kinds of programs were not found to be effective when considering recidivism?

Intensive supervision program Arrest Fine Boot camp Scared straight Drug testing Electronic monitoring

What kinds of programs were found to be effective when considering recidivism?

Restitution

Why doesn't punishment work?

Offenders tend to operate within a rational choice model Don't carefully weigh risks and costs of crime Crime is associated with impulsive "here and now" thinking Punishment isn't severe, certain, and immediate

How do people who commit crimes perceive prison vs. community-based sentences? Why?

Perceive prison as less difficult than community-based sentences like probation Lack of temptation

What kind of environment is prison?

Criminogenic that prevents prosocial supports and increases stigmatization and legal barriers

What does restorative justice emphasize?

Healing wounds of supervisors/victims and communities impacted by crime, and the wounds of those who commit crime

In restorative justice, what is the offender required to do?

Recognize the harm they have caused Accept responsibility for their actions Be actively involved in healing the situation

Name 5 types of restorative justice

Survivor-perpetrator mediation/conference or "Circles" Survivor assistance Assistance for formerly sentenced people Restitution Community service

Survivor assistance

Providing info about participation in sentencing decision-making

2 examples of assistance for formerly sentenced people

Elizabeth Fry Society John Howard Society

Restitution

Offender financially compensates the survivor/victim

How can restorative justice be more difficult than traditional sentences?

Take more responsibility for actions Face victim(s)

How did Carolyn from the video benefit from restorative justice?

Decreased fear, anger, anxiety, and likelihood to reoffend Gained a role model through Megan

Main point of importance surrounding restorative justice

Has to be voluntary

What might be a confounding variable surrounding restorative justice?

Selection bias Already might have decreased rates of recidivism because they may be motivated to improve themselves and have already committed less serious crimes

What is restorative justice particularly good for?

Restitution compliance

What might restorative justice become?

An effective alternative to incarceration and could complement correctional programming

What might restorative justice processes reduce? Explain

The odds of general recidivism by 17% Effects had large variability Larger effects for young, lower-risk, and White samples Moderate impacts on satisfaction for survivors and offenders Impact on violent recidivism is inconclusive

What does the limited research surrounding restorative justice suggest?

That it is effective for improving offender behaviour and reducing recidivism

Rehabilitation and psychology

Now, para-professionals are most likely to provide direct counselling (e.g., role-playing for skills development)

Treatment targets for rehabilitation

Have evolved; psychological symptoms to factors related to crime

What do effective programs for rehabilitation do?

Help offenders understand high-risk situations and improve prosocial skills

3 principles for risk, need, and responsivity model

Risk principle Need principle Responsivity principle

Risk principle in the RNR model

Higher program dosage (frequency, length) for higher risk offenders

What does risk moderate the relationship between in the RNR model?

Program dosage and recidivism

Explain the risk principle in the RNR model using examples

Lower risk offenders become more antisocial after associating with higher risk offenders in programs --> lower motivation, denial, rationalization, antisocial views

How many hrs of programming had the greatest impact on recidivism in general?

200

Describe the relationship between dosage and recidivism Explain

Not linear A small group of very high-risk offenders may not fully benefit from programming Serial killers and murderers

Explain the need principle in the RNR model using examples

Criminogenic needs AKA dynamic risk factors rather than just psychological symptoms

Professionals working together to address the need principle in the RNR model

Psychologists should work together with social workers, parole officers, and other correctional staff

Targeting criminogenic needs leads to

19% reduction in recidivism

Targeting non-criminogenic needs can

Increase recidivism (e.g., by 1%)

Responsivity principle in the RNR model

Program should match offenders' learning style and ability

General responsivity

Offenders respond best to cognitive-behavioural and skills-based programs

What does general responsivity target?

Antisocial attitudes/cognitions and related problem-solving skills, provide practical skills

Specific responsivity

Offenders vary in their motivation and readiness for programs

In specific responsivity, what should the program adapt to? Why?

Individual factors related to intelligence, age, gender, ethnicity/race, and language to maximize benefits

Research findings surrounding the responsivity program

Programs that follow the responsivity principle are substantially more likely to reduce recidivism

What is the last principle discussed in class from the RNR model?

Core correctional practice

Explain the core correctional practice principle of the RNR model

Staff should use high quality relationship skills while modelling and reinforcing prosocial behaviour

Know the Norway prison system as it compares to Canada/US prison systems

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