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DPT 500 > Quiz 3 - histology > Flashcards

Quiz 3 - histology Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

what is histology?

A

Microscopic study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs

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2
Q

Tissues contain:

A

cells
extracellular matrix (ECM)

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3
Q

what are integrins?

A

Principal receptors used by cells to bind to the extracellular matrix

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4
Q

histological processing: paraffin sectioning

A

fixation
dehydration
clearing
infiltration
embedding
trimming
sectioning
mounting
staining

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5
Q

fixation

A

Smallpiecesoftissueareplacedinsolutionsofchemicals thatcrosslinkproteinsandinactivatedegradativeenzymes,whichpreserve cellandtissuestructure. E.g. paraformaldehyde

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6
Q

dehydration

A

Thetissueistransferredthroughaseriesofincreasinglyconcentratedalcoholsolutions,endingin100%,whichremoveswater

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7
Q

clearing

A

Alcoholisremovedinorganicsolventsinwhichbothalcoholandparaffinaremiscible. E.g. Xylene or cedarwood oil

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8
Q

infiltration

A

Thetissueisthenplacedinmeltedparaffinuntilitbecomescompletelyinfiltratedwiththissubstance.

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9
Q

embedding

A

Theparaffin-infiltratedtissueisplacedinasmallmoldwithmeltedparaffinandallowedtoharden.

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10
Q

trimming

A

Theresultingparaffinblockistrimmedtoexposethetissueforsectioning(slicing)onamicrotome.

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11
Q

sectioning

A

block of paraffin sliced into thin, transparent sections (1 – 50 um) with a microtome

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12
Q

mounting

A

sections attached to glass slide with mounting medium e.g. permount

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13
Q

staining

A

sections placed in dyes to visualize components

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14
Q

freezing creates a hard tissue that can be what?

A

cut easily without parafin

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15
Q

for biopsies & histochemical studies using enzymes freezing does what?

A

faster
freezing does NOT inactivate enzymes
studies of lipids in tissue

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16
Q

small piece of tissue is frozen in _________ then sectioned in a _________________

A

liquid nitrogen
cryostat microtome

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17
Q

basic dyes bind to what ?

A

bind to basophilic cell components with a negative charge e.g. nucleic acids (DNA in nucleus)

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18
Q

acidic dyes bind to what?

A

bind to acidophilic cell components with a positive charge e.g. proteins such as collagen in ECM

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19
Q

what is the most common staining combination?

A

hematoxylin & eosin

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20
Q

hematoxylin

A

basic dye
blue/purple
nuclei

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21
Q

eosin

A

acidic dye
pink
ECM

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22
Q

Histological processing may distort tissue causing abnormalities not present in living tissue called what?

A

artifacts

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23
Q

what causes shrinkage of tissue? which can create what?

A

fixative or heat

artificial space between cells of ECM

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24
Q

2-D appearance varies depending on . . .

A

plane of section

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25
4 general types of tissues in the body
1. connective 2. epithelial 3. nervous 4. muscular
26
which tissue is most abundant & widely distributed of the primary tissues?
connective tissue
27
5 main types of connective tissue
fibrous connective tissues adipose tissue cartilage bone blood
28
what is fibrous connective tissue specialized to do?
physically support & connect other tissues & maintain the water required for metabolite diffusion to & from cells
29
what does fibrous connective tissue primarily consist of?
extracellular material
30
cells of fibrous connective tissue
fibroblasts macrophages mast cells plasma cells adipocytes
31
what are fibroblasts?
the major cells of connective tissue proper, are elongated, irregularly shaped cells with oval nuclei that synthesize and secrete most components of the ECM
32
what are macrophages?
short lived cells that differentiate in connective tissue from precursor cells,
33
what do macrophages function in?
ECM turnover, phagocytosis of dead cells and debris, and antigen presentation to lymphocytes.
34
where do mast cells originate?
from blood cell precursors
35
what are mast cells filled with . . .for the release of . . .?
granules for the release of various vasoactive agents and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions.
36
what are plasma cells?
short-lived cells that differentiate from B lymphocytes
37
what are plasma cells specialized for?
the abundant secretion of specific antibodies (immunoglobulins)
38
what are adipocytes? and where are they found?
fat cells in the connective tissue of many organs
39
what are fibers?
elongated structures formed from proteins that polymerize after secretion from fibroblasts
40
The three main types of fibers:
collagen reticular elastic
41
Collagen and reticular fibers are formed by
proteins of the collagen family
42
Elastic fibers made mostly of what?
the protein elastin
43
These fibers are distributed _____________ among the different types of connective tissue
unequally
44
what is The most important and abundant fibers of connective tissue?
collagen
45
Synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts involves what?
posttranslational modifications in the RER, and formation of helical trimeric subunits of procollagen
46
what is required for proper synthesis?
vitamin C
47
what is the Most numerous type of collagen?
collagen type I
48
where is collagenI found?
tendons, bones, skin, muscles
49
Adjacent rodlike subunits of the fibrils are staggered with small gaps (lacunar regions) between their ends
transverse striations
50
what does collagen type II occur as?
occurs as fibrils but does not form fibers or bundles
51
what is collagen type II?
Loose aggregates of thin fibrils
52
collagen type II is predominate in ________ and _______________.
hyaline elastic cartilage
53
collagen type II is Especially abundant in what?
articular cartilage
54
collagen type III form a meshwork in . . .
lymphoid organs: liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes
55
what does collagen type III form?
an extensive network (reticulum) of thin fibers for the support of many different cells
56
where is collagen type VII found?
basal lamina of basement membrane
57
what are collagen type VII called?
anchoring fibers
58
what is elastic fiber made with ?
fibrillin and elastin
59
what do elastic fibers form?
sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles in many organs
60
where are elastic fibers found?
fibrous connective tissue as well as cartilage, blood vessels, and lungs
61
In the wall of large blood vessels, elastin forms fenestrated sheets called . . .
elastic lamellae
62
what is ground substance?
fills the space between cells and fibers
63
ground substance is a Complex mixture of three major kinds of macromolecules:
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) proteoglycans glycoproteins
64
characteristics of ground substance:
highly hydrated transparent very viscous
65
GAGs are what?
Large polysaccharide structures that trap water (hydrophilic) long polymers of repeating disaccharide units
66
what is The largest and most ubiquitous GAG ?
hyaluronic acid
67
what is hyaluronic acid's important role?
allowing molecular diffusion through connective tissue and in lubricating various organs and joints
68
sulfated GAGs Bound to core proteins forming repeating chains along the length of the core protein forming what?
proteoglycans
69
where are sulfated GAGs synthesized?
golgi complex
70
4 major GAGs found in proteoglycans:
dermatan sulfate chondroitin sulfates keratan sulfate heparan sulfate
71
what are proteoglycans?
core protein covalently attached to various numbers and combinations of the sulfated GAGs
72
proteoglycans synthesize on ______ and mature in _________________
RER golgi apparatus
73
what are aggrecan?
Large core protein bound to chondroitin and keratin sulfate chains
74
where is aggrecan abundant in?
cartilage
75
what is fascia
facilitates gliding of muscles
76
what are glycoproteins?
multiadhesive glycoproteins found in ground substance of fibrous connective tissue
77
glycoproteins are synthesized largely by what?
fibroblasts
78
glycoproteins are binding sites for ?
integrins, collagens and certain GAGs
79
what are integrins?
integral membrane proteins
80
integrins act as what?
matrix receptors for specific sequences on laminin, fibronectin, some collagens, and other ECM proteins
81
main types of fibrous connective tissue:
loose dense
82
loose =
more ground substance, less fibers
83
dense =
more fibrous proteins, less ground
84
loos is made up of what?
areolar reticular
85
dense is made up of what?
regular irregular
86
Areolar connective tissue - microscopic appearance:
Fibroblasts, collagen/elastic fibers, blood vessels, and “empty” space = ground substance
87
areolar connective tissue - functions:
Binds epithelia to deeper tissues, allows passage of nerve and blood vessels, provides space for immune cells
88
areolar connective tissue - representative locations:
Underlies all epithelia, in serous membranes surrounding organs
89
reticular connective tissue - microscopic appearance:
Loose network of reticular fibers (type III collagen) and cells
90
reticular connective tissue - functions:
Forms supportive framework for lymphatic organs and slows down movement of fluid
91
reticular connective tissue - representative locations:
Spleen, liver, lymph nodes
92
dense regular connective tissue - microscopic appearance:
Densely packed, parallel type I collagen fibers arranged in line of pull Few blood vessels = hard to heal Compressed fibroblast nuclei
93
dense regular connective tissue - functions:
provides tensile strength (resists stretching), but is pliant (bends) resists tension exerted in the axis parallel to the direction the fibers run Transfer forces to bone
94
dense regular connective tissue - representative locations:
Tendons, ligaments, fascia; heart valves

DPT 500 (11 decks)

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