quiz 3- plankton

Question 1

Define plankton as a group

Answer 1

• organisms found generally floating in the water column- some types can swim but not strong enough to oppose currents
• functional group, not taxonomic

Question 2

phytoplankton

Answer 2

photosynthesizing plankton

Question 3

Describe the major ecological roles of marine viruses as plankton in the water column.

Answer 3

• nutrient cycling
• pathogens of plankton

Question 4

Describe the major ecological roles of bacteria as plankton in the water column.

Answer 4

• decomposers- use up oxygen and contribute to oxygen minimum layer

Question 5

Describe the major ecological roles of fungi as plankton in the water column.

Answer 5

• fungi- important decomposers, also parasites of plankton

Question 6

Define cyanobacteria and describe their importance in nitrogen cycling.

Answer 6

• “blue-green algae” but actually bacteria
• fix n into ammonium, nitrates + nitrites

Question 7

Describe similarities in ecological roles across viruses, bacteria, and marine fungi

Answer 7

• nutrient cycling

Question 8

Diatoms: biological characteristics and ecology

Answer 8

• single-celled protists
• dominate phytoplankton communities in temperate to polar waters
• fit together like a pill box- shells made of silica

Question 9

phylum and class of diatoms

Answer 9

P: Chrysophyta
C: Bacillariophyceae

Question 10

Dinoflagellates: biological characteristics and ecology

Answer 10

• protists and single celled (same as diatoms
• dominate subtropical + tropical communities
• some bioluminescent
• can cause harmful algal blooms- cause “red tides”
• generally free-living
• Two flagella: one transverse wrapped around the cell in the groove, the other is perpendicular and runs to the back of the cell
• covered in THECA
• may produce different toxins-

Question 11

examples of toxins that may be produced from dinoflagella

Answer 11

saxitoxin
- from Alexandrium sp.
- depresses sodium ion transport, impacting nervous system
- kills filter-feeding bivalves, and potentially humans that feed on them
brevotoxin
- Katerina Brevis species
- cause of TOXIC red tides
- also binds to sodium channels, but RARELY fatal to humans

Question 12

Dinoflagellates Phylum and class

Answer 12

P: Pyrrophyta
C: Dinophyceae

Question 13

Diatoms: life cycle

Answer 13

• sexual + asexual (binary fission) reproduction
• diatoms get smaller after each division- at a certain size, a gamete is produced
• auxospores- cell increases in size, casts of small valves and replaves them with larger valves
• asexual repro helps them form large blooms very quickly
• can also create ASEXUAL RESTING SPORES- fall to seabed and wait out poor envi conditions b4 developing

Question 14

Dinoflagellates: life cycle + resting stages

Answer 14

• asexual (binary fission) and sexual repro
• temporary cysts- resting stages- sink to ocean floor until conditions are favorable and they can begin development

Question 15

theca

Answer 15

series of CELLULOSE PLATES covering dinoflagellates, important for helping to identify them

Question 16

what are zooxanthellae

Answer 16

dinoflagellates
NOT free-living- within host tissue

Question 17

Coccolithophores Phylum

Answer 17

Chrysophyta

Question 18

Coccolithophores- about

Answer 18

Phytoplankton
tropical open ocean
Massive bluish-white blooms- can be seen from space!

Question 19

Coccolithophores- bio char.s

Answer 19

• spherical
• covered in coccoliths (but not all of them are- some “naked” coccolithophores)

Question 20

what are coccoliths?

Answer 20

plates covering Coccolithophores
CALCIUM CARBONATE
make up 1/3 of total Ca Carbonate production in the ocean!

Question 21

Zooplankton

Answer 21

Not photosynthesizers- heterotrophs
- next level of food chain above phytoplankton or a bit higher- important parts of lower levels

Question 22

Crustacean zooplankton: characteristics, ecology

Answer 22

Chitin skeleton
Body skeleton
Paired, jointed appendages
types: COPEPODS, KRILL, larval crabs, shrimp, & lobsters

Question 23

crustacean zooplankton Phylum and Subphylum

Answer 23

Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustacea

Question 24

Phyla of Gelatinous zooplankton

Answer 24

• phyla Cnidaria, Ctenophora, chordata

Question 25

Copepods

Answer 25

- Crustacean zooplankton - Plankton from SpongeBob - Dominate nearly all oceans- largest mass of any plankton type - feed on phytoplankton, organic matter in water column, smaller plankton

Question 26

Copepods Phylum, Subphylum, Order

Answer 26

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Order Copepoda

Question 27

Copepod life cycle

Answer 27

Eggs Naupliar stage (6 stages) Copepodite stages (teenager) Adult

Question 28

2 major copepod families

Answer 28

calanidae eucalanidae

Question 29

Unique part of life cycle of Calanidae and Eucalanidae

Answer 29

DIAPAUSE stage (move into deeper water, like hibernation- arrested development) OR may produce DIAPAUSE EGGS BETWEEN COPEPODITE and ADULT stages

Question 30

chem/physical oceanic importance of diapausing

Answer 30

MAY be responsible for sequestering more carbon than any other biogeochemical process

Question 31

Sp. example of diapausing

Answer 31

Calanus finmarchius form dense layers that attract north atlantic right whales

Question 32

Krill

Answer 32

Crustacean zooplankton - dominant in Antarctic Ocean - feed on phytoplankton and small zooplankton - main food source for marine mammals and birds - important carbon sinks - sea ice melting affects them (I’m unsure how) - krill can swim and SWARM- move away from predators or toward prey - all bioluminescent except for one family

Question 33

Order of krill

Answer 33

Euphasiaceae

Question 34

Phylum Cnidaria, class scyphozoa

Answer 34

True jellies - gelatinous zooplankton - contract bell to swim - feed on phytoplankton, zooplankton, small fish - capture food via stinging/sticky nematocysts

Question 35

Phylum and class of true jellies

Answer 35

Phylum Cnidaria, class scyphozoa

Question 36

Phylum Cnidaria, class hydrozoa

Answer 36

- gelatinous zooplankton - SIPHONOPHORES - COLONIAL animals - long, thin, transparent - many have nematocysts - eat copepods, small crustaceans and small fish - eg: PORTUGUESE MAN O WAR

Question 37

Phylum and Class of Siphonophores

Answer 37

Phylum Cnidaria, class hydrozoa

Question 38

the four polyps of the siphonophore portuguese man'o'war

Answer 38

Pneumatophore- gas-filled Dacilozooids- on tentacles, covered in nematocysts Gastrozooids- digestive Gonozooids- reproductive

Question 39

Phylum Ctenophora

Answer 39

- gelatinous zooplankton - comb jellies - rows of teeth - Digest externally with secreted enzymes

Question 40

Phylum chordata, subphylum tunicata

Answer 40

- gelatinous zooplankton - tunicates! - chains of individuals: blastozooids (each of these reproduce sexually) - have an asexual solitary phase

Question 41

Phylum foraminifera

Answer 41

- NOT gelatinous zooplankton - PROTISTAN zooplankton instead - external CALCIUM CARBONATE skeleton Can stream out their cytoplasm thru pores in their shell to capture bacteria and phytoplankton (more closely related to diatoms + dinof.s than other zooplankton)

Question 42

Phylum Chaetognatha

Answer 42

- ARROW WORMS - MACROPLANKTON - torpedo-shaped - some produce a deadly neurotoxin- tetrodotoxin

Question 43

Pteropods phylum, class, order

Answer 43

Phylum Mollusca, class Gastropoda, order Pteropoda

Question 44

angels vs butterflies

Answer 44

butterfly- shell eat marine snow- capture w a sticky net angel- no shell (feed on butterflies)

Question 45

Diatoms are found in the Phylum ______

Answer 45

Chrysophyta

Question 46

A group of zooplankton that utilize contractile pseudopodia to capture their food are called _______

Answer 46

Foraminiferans

Question 47

Diatoms are encased by a _____ shell called a _____. (They get smaller in size as diatoms reproduce asexually.)

Answer 47

- silica - valve

Question 48

TRUE OR FALSE: Diatoms can produce an auxospore in nutrient poor conditions, which fall to the seafloor and can remain dormant until favorable conditions return. FIX IF FALSE

Answer 48

FALSE - Diatoms can produce a TEMPORARY RESTING SPORE in nutrient poor conditions, which fall to the seafloor and can remain dormant until favorable conditions return.

Question 49

TRUE OR FALSE: Diatoms can undergo sexual reproduction by releasing gametes. This often occurs once the individual gets too small to reproduce asexually. FIX IF FALSE

Answer 49

TRUE

Question 50

Diatom valves can be covered in _____, _____ and/or _____

Answer 50

- spines - pores - ridges

Question 51

neuston

Answer 51

float on top or live right under the surface includes microscopic organisms that use surface tension

Question 52

pleuston

Answer 52

float by buoyancy macroscopic organisms