Quiz 3 study guide

Question 1

Which carbon on RNA has the hydroxyl group

Answer 1

2’

Question 2

What secondary structure does RNA form

Answer 2

hairpin loops

Question 3

What do ribosomes in RNA do

Answer 3

catylitic properties, store and transmit information

Question 4

rRNA vs mRNA vs tRNA

Answer 4

rRNA: structural components of ribosome
mRNA: carries genetic code for protein
tRNA: helps incorportate amino acids into polypeptide chain

Question 5

where is mRNA located

Answer 5

in the nucleus for transcription and then exported to cytoplasm for translation

Question 6

What is the site of translation

Answer 6

ribosomes

Question 7

What are ribosomes made of

Answer 7

proteins and nucleic acids

Question 8

How many ribosomes can be attached to mRNA at one time

Answer 8

many

Question 9

Which subset of RNA contains an anticodon, and what does the anticodon recognize

Answer 9

tRNA contains an anticodon, it recognizes the codon on mRNA

Question 10

function of tRNA and common charachteristics

Answer 10

1. Binds to amino acid, delivers to ribosome
2. Common secondary structure of cloverleaf

Question 11

which subset of RNA creates a secondary structure of a cloverleaf

Answer 11

tRNA

Question 12

What is the template for protein synthesis

Answer 12

mRNA

Question 13

What carries the genetic information to turn DNA into a ribosome

Answer 13

mRNA

Question 14

what are the 3 primary regions of mRNA

Answer 14

1. 5’ untranslated region (start codon)
2. protein coding region
3. 3’ untranslated region

Question 15

What are the 3 steps of transcription in bacteria

Answer 15

initiation, elongation, termination

Question 16

What carries out the required steps of transcription

Answer 16

RNA polymerase (5 subunits)I

Question 17

In bacteria, what does the one RNA polymerase recognize

Answer 17

the promotor sequence, synthesizes RNA from 5’–>3’ direction

Question 18

What are the 2 actions RNA polymerase does

Answer 18

read and transcribe

Question 19

Where does initiation occur

Answer 19

at the promotor region

Question 20

What are the sequences that are in nearly all bacteria

Answer 20

prinbow box, TATA box

Question 21

What occurs in elongation

Answer 21

Polymerase unwinds DNA at leading edge of transcription bubble

Question 22

What stops transcription

Answer 22

Transcription stops after terminator has been transcribed

Question 23

What are the 2 bacterial terminators

Answer 23

rho independent and rho dependent

Question 24

What is rho-independent termination

Answer 24

forms loop and hairpin, inverted repeats

Question 25

What is rho dependent termination

Answer 25

A DNA sequence that produces a pause, unstructured RNA serves as Rho binding site

Question 26

What is a Rho protein

Answer 26

ATPase, Helicase

Question 27

What is chromatin modifing prior to transcription

Answer 27

add acetyl group to DNA to allow it to loosen so RNA polymerase can attach

Question 28

What is the core promotor

Answer 28

location where transcription apparatus binds

Question 29

What is regulatory promotor

Answer 29

location where trnascriptional activator proteins bind

Question 30

Which promotor impacts the rate at which transcription is initiated

Answer 30

regulatory promotor

Question 31

Where do transcriptional activator proteins bind

Answer 31

to more distant sequences

Question 32

Enhancer vs silencer

Answer 32

Increase rate of transcription vs decrease rate of transcription (at promotor)

Question 33

What is released from the promotor in elongation

Answer 33

polymerase released from the promotor and TF left behind.

Question 34

What produces a string of uracils in termination

Answer 34

RNA polymerase 3

Question 35

Describe the thyroid hormone cascade

Answer 35

TSH releases T4 and T3, effects metabolism, body temperature, etc. Thyroid receptors act as ligands for transcription factors and regulate transcription

Question 36

What does rifamptin do

Answer 36

bind to bacterial RNA polymerase, distort enzyme conformation and prevent RNA polymerase from working

Question 37

What transcribes tRNA

Answer 37

RNA polymerase 3

Question 38

what synthesizes RNA polymerase 2

Answer 38

mRNA

Question 39

What does beta-thalassemia cause

Answer 39

causes chronic anemia caused by incorrect splicing of genes

Question 40

What is the universality of DNA

Answer 40

almost all codons specify the same AA in all organisms

Question 41

Silent vs missense vs nonsense

Answer 41

1. changed base, same amino acid 2. changed base, different AA 3. changed base, become stop codon

Question 42

What do trinucleotid repeat expansions produce

Answer 42

neurological symptoms, multiple copies of same AA in a row.

Question 43

Huntington's disease characteristics

Answer 43

- Autosomal dominant -repeat on HTT gene - Gradual onset and progression of dementia/shaking 3M's: Mood, movement, memory

Question 44

Myotonic dystrophy characteristics

Answer 44

1. autosomal dominant, mutation leads to splicing error 2. Muscle weakness, atrophy of faces, cardiac problems CTG repeat on ch. 19

Question 45

Fragile X syndrome

Answer 45

-Large ears/testicles, long face, severe intellectual disability (CGG repeat on X chromosome)

Question 46

Example of insertion/deletion of 3 bases

Answer 46

Chromosome 7 cystic fibrosis- autsomal recessive, CFTR gene, obstruct small airways, obstruct GI fun

Question 47

Site of translation

Answer 47

ribosomes