Quiz 3 (urinary system) Flashcards
1
Q
what is the functioning unit of the kidney?
A
nephron
2
Q
what is the arterial branching order?
A
- segmental artery
- interlobular/interlobular arteries
- arcuate artery (cortex)
- interlobular artery
3
Q
what is the size of an adult kidney?
A
9-12 cm in length
4-5 cm in width
2.5-3 cm in height
4
Q
what are some functions of the kidney?
A
- produces hormones
- absorbs nutrients, filters, and produces urine
- balances water
- blood pressure regulation
- e.t.c
5
Q
what are the lab values of the kidney?
A
- creatinine
- BUN
- Hematuria
- proteinuria
6
Q
what is creatinine elevated in?
A
- renal failure
- chronic nephritis
- urinary obstruction
7
Q
what is creatinine?
A
a waste product produced from meat protein and normal wear ad tear on muscles in the body
8
Q
BUN-blood urea nitrogen
A
produced from the breakdown of food proteins
9
Q
wat is BUN elevated in?
A
- urinary obstruction
- renal dysfunction
- dehydration
10
Q
what is BUN decreased with?
A
- overhydration
- pregnancy
- liver failure
- decrease in protein intake
- smoking
11
Q
microscopic hematuria
A
microscopic red blood cells in the urine under the microscope
12
Q
what is microscopic hematuria associated with?
A
early renal disease
13
Q
Macroscopic hematuria
A
visible red blood cells seen with the naked eye
14
Q
what is Macroscopic hematuria associated with?
A
infection and bladder neoplasms
15
Q
proteinuria
A
abnormal amount of protein in the urine
16
Q
what is proteinuria associated with?
A
nephritis nephrolithiasis carcinoma polycystic disease hypertension diabetes mellitus Increases the risk of developing progressive renal dysfunction
17
Q
what are some indications for a renal US?
A
Increase in creatinine ,BUN levels, proteinuria Urinary tract infection Flank pain Hematuria Hypertension Decrease in urine output Trauma Evaluate mass from other medical imaging-CT
18
Q
Hypertrophied column of Bertin-pseudotumor
A
renal cortex that is continuous with adjacent renal cortex
19
Q
how big are renal pyramids in Hypertrophied column of Bertin-pseudotumor?
A
less than 3cm
20
Q
Junctional Parenchymal(Cortical) Defect
A
Normal variant located at the point of fusion of the embryological upper and lower poles
21
Q
where is Junctional Parenchymal(Cortical) Defect most commonly seen?
A
right kidney
22
Q
what is Junctional Parenchymal(Cortical) Defect also known as?
A
interrenucular junction
23
Q
extrarenal pelvis
A
renal pelvis lies partly outside of the kidney
24
Q
what are the 3 sets of kidneys on embryo?
A
- pronephros
- mesonephros
- metanephros
25
Pronephroi
- Early in 4th week gestation
| - Rudimentary and nonfunctioning
26
Mesonephroi
- Late in 4th week
| - Function as interim kidneys
27
Metanephroi
permanent kidneys
28
what are the abnormalities related to growth?
- hypoplasia
- fetal lobulation
- compensatory hypertrophy
29
what are the abnormalities related to ascent?
- ectopia
- crossed renal ectopia
- horseshoe kidney
30
Hypoplasia
too few nephrons in a smaller than normal size kidney
31
Fetal lobulation
Appears as infolding of the cortex without loss of cortical parenchyma
32
Compensatory hypertrophy
may be diffuse or focal
33
ectopia
pelvic kidney-failure of the kidney to ascend during embryology
34
what percent has decreased function is pelvic kidney?
50%
35
Crossed Renal Ectopia
- both kidneys are found on the same side
| - Upper pole of the ectopic kidney will be fused to lower pole of the other kidney
36
Horseshoe kidney
Fusion occurs prior to ascent usually at the lower poles
37
what should be measured in the horseshoe kidney?
isthmus
38
where does the isthmus in horseshoe kidney lie?
anterior to aorta
39
horseshoe kidney type a
inferior crossed fusion
40
horseshoe kidney type b
sigmoid kidney
41
horseshoe kidney type c
lump kidney
42
horseshoe kidney type d
disc kidney
43
horseshoe kidney type e
L-shaped kidney
44
horseshoe kidney type f
superiorly crossed fused
45
what are kidney anomalies related to ureteral bud?
- Renal agenesis
- Congenital Megacalicies
- Congenital Megaureter
- Supernumerary kidney
- Duplex collecting system&Ureteroceles
- Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
46
renal agenesis-unilateral or bilateral
could be uni or bi
47
is bilateral or unilateral renal agenesis rare and incompatible with life?
bilateral
48
Unilateral is an _________finding-with apparent _______________ of the single kidney
incidental finding, compensatory hypertrophy
49
what is renal agenesis associated with?
genital tract anomalies
| HBP
50
Megacalyces-Puigvert's disease
Unilateral nonobstructive enlargement of the calyces
51
what can occur with Megacalyces-Puigvert's disease?
infection and stones
52
describe Megacalyces-Puigvert's disease
- congenital and non-progressive
- normal parenchyma and renal function
- on US numerous clubbed calyces seen
53
how does Megaureter appear?
Appears as fusiform dilation of distal third
54
what is megaureter?
- functional uretic obstruction
- distal ureter segment is aperistaltic
- progressive hydroureter and hydronephrosis
55
who does megaureter mostly affect?
men
56
supernumerary kidneys
-extra kidney found on sonography an dis usually smaller with a few calyces
57
what is the most common congenital anomaly?
duplex collecting system
58
what is COMPLETE duplex collecting system?
2 separate collecting systems and ureters
59
what is INCOMPLETE duplex collecting system?
ureters join and enter the bladder through a single ureteral orifice
60
what is increased in duplex collecting system?
increased incidence of UPJ obstruction and uterus didelphys-duplex uterus
61
what is incomplete duplex collecting system prone to?
ureter from the upper pole is prone to
- obstruction
- reflux
- or both
62
what does incomplete duplex collecting system give rise to?
ureteroceles
63
how may ureteroceles appear?
- unilateral
- bilateral
- normal ureters
- duplicated ureters
- ectopic ureters
64
what is ureteroceles prone to?
ureteral obstruction-UTI's
65
how do ureteroceles appear on US?
round cyst like structure in bladder
66
what common anomaly causes a kink?
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
67
who does ureteropelvic junction mostly affect?
men
68
UPJ obstructions
- stones
- infection
- impaired renal function
69
what are some anomalies related to bladder development?
- bladder agenesis
- bladder duplication
- bladder exstrophy
70
what happens to most infants with bladder agenesis?
most infants are still born
71
what are the 3 types of bladder duplication?
1-complete/incomplete peritoneal fold separates
2-complete-incomplete septum divides bladder (may be multiple septa)
3-transverse band of muscle divides bladder into 2 unequal parts
72
who does bladder exstrophy mostly affect?
male
73
what is bladder exstrophy?
Congenital absence of lower abdominal and anterior bladder wall
74
Aberrant vessels
During embryology, the kidney receives blood from the higher levels of Aorta
75
when will aberrant renal arteries be present?
if supply from lower levels persist
76
what will happen if the infrarenal IVC does not develop from the usual Supracardinal vein?
the ureter will pass posterior to the IVC
77
how may urachal anomalies be present as?
- patent
- cyst
- sinus
- abscess in the abdominal wall and diverticulum
78
where are urachal anomalies located?
between umbilicus and bladder
79
what does urachal anomalies increase?
incidence of carcinoma and stone formation
80
Acute pyelonephritis
UTI begins in bladder and ascends to kidney parenchyma
81
who does acute pyelonephritis affect?
women age 15-35
82
what is the sonographic appearance of Acute pyelonephritis?
- renal enlargement
- compression of sinus
- abnormal echotexture
- loss of corticomedullary differentiation
- poorly marginated mass
- gas within renal parenchyma
83
Acute pyelonephritis colour flow
focal or diffuse absence of colour due to swollen inflamed areas
84
how may Acute pyelonephritis focal masses appear?
- poorly marginated
- echogenic
- hypoechoic
- mixed
85
Chronic pyelonephritis
Interstitial nephritis (swelling between the tubules)associated with vesicoureteric reflux
86
who is Chronic pyelonephritis more common in?
women
87
what is Chronic pyelonephritis caused by?
Caused by incompetent papillary duct orifice(where pyramids empty urine into minor calyces)
88
Chronic pyelonephritis sonographic appearance
- dilated blunt calix
| - cortical scar and atrohy
89
Renal and perinephric abscess
Untreated pyelonephritis may lead to necrosis and abscess formation
90
what are some risk factors for Renal and perinephric abscess?
- diabetics
- compromised immunity
- chronic diseases
- UT obstruction
- IV drug abuse
91
Renal and perinephric abscess sonographic appearance?
- An abscess appears as round,thick-walled,complex masses
- Debris&septations
- Gas –dirty shadowing
- Posterior enhancement
92
Pyonephrosis
Purulent material in obstructed collecting system
93
Pyonephrosis in young
UPJ obstruction and calculi is the cause usually
94
Pyonephrosis in elderly
malignant ureteral onstruction is usually the cause
95
Pyonephrosis sonogrpahically
- mobile collecting system debris
- gas and stones
- fluid/debris level
96
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
characterized by gas formation, usually E-Coli
97
who does Emphysematous pyelonephritis mostly affect?
- women (55 yrs)
| - diabetics
98
what does Emphysematous pyelonephritis present as?
- extremely ill
- flank pain
- acidosis
- hyperglycemia
- dehydration
- electrolytes off
99
what is the treatment of choice for Emphysematous pyelonephritis?
emergency nephrectomy is treatment of choice
100
why is Emphysematous pyelonephritis sonographic image confusing?
appears confusing due to gas formation
101
Emphysematous Pyelitis
Refers to gas localized within collecting system-pelvis and calyces
102
where does Emphysematous Pyelitis usually occur?
in women with diabetes or obstructing stone disease
103
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
chronic suppurative renal infection
104
is Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis typically unilateral or bilateral?
typically unilateral
105
where is Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis commonly seen?
middle aged diabetic women
106
what leads to papillary necrosis?
ischemia
107
what could cause papillary necrosis?
- analgestic abuse
- diabetes
- UTI
- renal vein
- thrombosis
- prolonged urinary tract obstruction
- dehydration
- sickle cell anemia
- hemophilia
108
what are the sonographic findings of papillary necrosis?
- swollen pyramids
- cystic papilla
- clubbed calyx
- hydro nephrosis
- debris in collecting system
109
what are signs/symptoms of TB?
- dysuria
- nocturia
- urgency
- gross or microscopic hematuria
- unilateral typically
110
what is TB sonographically?
- focal renal lesions (variable echotexture and size)
| - may involve bladder (diffuse wall thickening)
111
what is the most common fungal agent?
candida albicans
112
patients with a fungal infection have a risk if what?
- diabetes mellitus
- chronic indwelling catheters
- malignancy
- hematopoietic disorders
- chronic antibiotic or steroid therapy
- transplantation
- IV drug abuse
113
what are fungal infections on US?
small cortical hypoechoic lesions-small abscesses
| Fungus balls in collecting system-echogenic
114
what is the most common parasitic infection seen?
schistosomiasis
115
schistosomiasis
Worms penetrate skin to liver via the portals
116
Hematuria
eggs deposited in venules of bladder wall/ureter
117
Bladder stasis
increased incidence of ureteral and bladder calculi and repeated infections
118
what does Echinoccal hydatid Renal disease affect?
kidneys
ureters
bladder
119
how do Echinoccal hydatid Renal disease cysts look like?
- floating membranes
- daughter cysts
- thick double walls
120
who does filariasis affect?
10-12 years of age
121
what is transmitted by mosquitos?
filiariasis
122
when do symptoms for filariasis develop?
post infection
123
which disease is US not helpful in diagnosing?
filariasis
124
HIV associated ______-_______ renal disease
HIV associated nephropathy-chronic renal disease
125
what is sonography used for in HIV?
- exclude obstruction
- determine renal size
- cortical echogencity
126
who is more at risk for bladder infection-cystitis?
women because if a short urethra
127
what is the cause of bladder infection-cystitis?
colonization of rectal flora
128
what is the most common pathogen for cystitis?
E-Coli
129
what are signs of cystits?
bladder irritability and hematuria
130
what is the sonographic sign of cystitis?
diffuse wall thickening
131
Emphysematous cystitis
gas present in lumen and wall of bladder
132
who does Emphysematous cystitis affect?
diabetic females
133
Malacoplakia
Rare granulomatous infection
134
what is brunna epithelial nests associated with?
chronic cystitis
135
cystitis cystica
Cysts may develop in nests
136
cystitis glandularis
may be a precursor of adenocarcinoma-cysts/solid masses in wall
137
what are causes of bladder fistulas?
- congenital
- trauma
- inflammation
- radiation
- neoplasm
138
where may bladder fistula occur from?
bladder to:
- vagina
- gut
- skin
- uterus
- ureter
139
Vesicovaginal fistula
most often related to gynecological or urological surgery,carcinoma of the bladder or cervix
140
vesicoenteric fistula
complication of diverticulitis or Crohn’s disease
141
Vesicocutaneous fistula
surgery or trauma may be the cause
142
Vesicoureteral fistula
rare occurrence after hysterectomy
143
what are predisposing factors to Nephrolithiasis-renal calculi?
- dehydration
- urinary stasis
- hyperericemia
- hyperparathyroidism
- hypercalciuria
144
____ of stones from calculi under 5mm pass spontaneously
80%
145
______ in patients with calculi with flank pain
77-93%
146
in calculi what are the 3 areas of narrowing?
1-UPJ-just past this junction
2-where the ureter crosses the iliac vessels
3-UVJ at ureter vesicular junction
147
what is high sensitivity for calculi?
ultrasound
148
what demonstrates twinkle artifact?
calculi
149
what does calculi look like sonographically?
- echogenic foci with sharp distal acoustic shadowing
| - 83% of stones demonstrate twinkle artifact?
150
why may ureteral calculi be difficult to see?
bowel gas and deep retroperitoneal position
151
Hydrourete
A dilated ureter will be seen as a tubular hypoechoic structure entering the bladder obliquely
152
what will hydroureter demonstrate?
anechoic ureter on either side of stone
153
Hydronephrosis
Obstructing ureteral calculus causes hydronephrosis of collecting system
154
what happens to urine in hydronephrosis?
urine is being produced but cannot flow from kidney to bladder
155
what are the sign and symptoms of hydronephrosis?
- flank pain
- hematuria
- fever
- leukocytosis
156
what are some causes of hydronephrosis?
- infection
- tumor extensions from bladder, ureter, or kidney
- thrombus
- kink in ureteropelvic junction
- enlarged prostate
- pregnancy
157
what is grade 1 hydro nephrosis grading?
small fluid filled separation of renal pelvis
158
what is grade 2 hydronephrosis grading?
dilation of some but not all calyces
159
what is grade 3 hydronephrosis grading?
marked dilation of renal pelvis and all calyces and echogenic line separates the collecting system
160
what is grade 4 hydronephrosis grading?
prominent dilation of collecting system, cortical thinning, unable to separate collecting system and parenchyma
161
what does bladder caluli cause?
- migration of stone from kidney
| - stasis related to bladder outlet obstruction, cystocele, neurogenic bladder, or foreign body
162
staghorn calculi
large, jagged coral shaped calcification
163
who is staghorn calculi most common in?
women
164
what are the symptoms for staghorn calculi?
- fever
- hematuria
- flank pain
165
extrarenal pelvis
normal variant
| pelvis lies partly outside of kidney
166
Nephrocalcinosis
renal parenchymal calcification
167
Dystrophic
occurs in tumors,abscess or hematomas
168
Metastatic
occurs with hypercalcemic states-hyperparathyroidism, renal failure,acidosis
169
what is seen sonographically with nephrocalcinosis?
medullary pyramids are surrounded with calcium deposits exhibiting acoustic shadowing
170
Renal failure-chronic
A medical condition of impaired kidney function in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter metabolic wastes from the blood
171
what are the causes of renal failure-chronic?
```
Glomerulonephritis
Hypertension
Vascular disease
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic hydronephrosis
```
172
what are the clinical findings of renal failure?
```
Elevated BUN and creatinine
Proteinuria
Polyuria
Headaches
Fatigue
Weakness
Anemia
```
173
what is the sonographic finding of renal failure?
Renal atrophy
Hyperechoic parenchyma
Thin renal cortex <1cm
Difficult to distinguish the kidney from surrounding structures
174
what are some Genitourinary Tumors?
renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
bladder tumors
angiomyolipoma
175
what is the most common type of genitourinary tumors?
renal cell carcinoma
176
what is a risk factor for RCC?
acquired cystic kidney disease
177
RCC is _______ of all primary malignant renal parenchymal tumors
86%
178
describe RCC
more common in males
50-70 years of age
etiology is unknown
179
what the symptoms of RCC?
CLASSIC TRIAD
- flank pain
- gross hematuria
- palpable renal mass
180
what are the symptoms of RCC as more advanced?
- anorexia
- weight loss
- some are found incidentally
181
what is the most common type of RCC?
clear cell
182
what are the types of RCC?
- clear cell
- papillary RCC
- cystic
183
what does RCC look like sonographically?
- most are solid
- majority are isoechoic
- MRI or CT needed to characterize
184
how do you distinguish RCC from bengin renal tumors
angiomyolipoma-CT and MRI
| not possible with imaging test
185
medullary cancer
sickle cell trait
186
transitional cell carcinoma
occurs in central kidney
187
what is the staging criteria for RCC?
11-Tumor confined within renal capsule
2-Tumor invasion of perinephric fat
3-Tumor involvement of regional lymph nodes
4-Invasion of adjacent organs or distal metastasis
188
Juxtaglomerular tumor
Extremely rare kidney tumor generally considered bengin
189
what does Juxtaglomerular tumor cause?
severe hypertension
190
Renal sinus lipomatosis- pseudotumor
increased fat in the renal sinus
191
what does Renal sinus lipomatosis- pseudotumor occur secondary to?
renal parenchyma atrophy or destruction of parenchyma
192
what is Renal sinus lipomatosis- pseudotumor associated with?
obesity and steroid therapy
193
Renal cell carcinoma
Cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubules-most
194
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Cancer that forms in the transitional cells in the lining of the bladder ,ureter or renal pelvis
195
TCC
- multifocal
| - bilateral nature
196
who is TCC more common in?
men
197
where does TCC rarely invade?
renal vein
198
what is the differential diagnosis for TCC?
- blood clots
- sloughed papillae
- fungus balls
199
where is TCC-ureteral mostly found?
lower third of ureter
200
what is a common malignant tumor?
TCC of bladder
201
what does TCC-bladder look like?
trigone and lateral and posterior walls
202
what are the S/S of TCC bladder
Hematuria
Frequency
Dysuria
Suprapubic pain
203
the sonographic detection of polyploid tumors is excellent with what?
full bladder
204
what can colour demonstrate on TCC bladder?
vascular stalk
205
what is TCC sonographically?
- non mobile focal mass
- may calcify
- turn patient into semi decubitus position-if the mass moves it is probably clot
206
what is the differential diagnosis for TCC?
```
Cystitis
Wall thickening
Postradiation change
Blood clot
Invasive prostatic carcinoma
Lymphoma,
Metastasis
Endometriosis
Neurofibromatosis
```
207
is bladder TCC or renal pelvic TCC more common?
bladder TCC is 50x’s more common than renal pelvic TCC-because of its large surface area
208
Bladder outlet obstruction
Blockage at the base of the bladder
| Reduces or prevents the flow of urine into the urethra
209
what are the causes of bladder outlet obstruction
Enlarged prostate
Stones
Tumors
Scar tissue
210
what is the second most common malignant tumor after TCC?
Squamous cell carcinoma-SCC
211
how does SCC appear on US?
- diffusely enlarge kidney
| - stones often seen
212
Adenocarcinoma
Rare in the pelvis,ureter and bladder
History of chronic UTI
Staghorn calculi present
213
what is adenocarcinoma on ultrasound?
Pelvic,ureteric or bladder mass is seen
| Calcification/stones
214
what does oncocytoma look like?
RCC
215
what is the most common benign renal tumor?
renal adenoma
216
what is the sonographic appearance of renal adenoma?
mimics renal cell carcinoma
217
which disease is associated with smoking?
renal adenoma
218
Angiomyolipoma-AML
Benign renal tumors
- Adipose tissue
- smooth muscle
- blood vessels
219
Angiomyolipoma-unilateral or bilateral
unilateral
220
what may happen with growth of a Angiomyolipoma?
may hemorrhage
221
what are the symptoms for Angiomyolipoma?
- hematuria
- flank pain
- palpable flank mass
222
where is Angiomyolipoma located?
parachyma or exophytic
223
lymphoma of kidney
no lymphoid tissue is in the kidney normally
224
what does lymphoma of ureter result in?
Results in dilation of intrarenal collecting system/ureter to the level of the mass
225
what is seen on lymphoma of bladder on US?
bladder wall is seen
226
what are rare tumors of the kidney?
```
Juxtoglomerular
Leiomyomas
Carcinoid tumor
Lipomas,hemangiomas
Liposarcomas
Sarcomas
Leiomyosarcomas
Hemangiopericytoma
```
227
what are rare tumors of bladder?
```
Mesenchymal
Leiomyoma
Neurofibromas
Cavernous hemangioma
Pheochromocytomas
Leiomyosarcomas
Rhabdomyosarcomas
```
228
Cortical cysts
Simple cysts:
| Benign and fluid filled
229
Sonographic criteria to confidently characterize as simple cyst
Anechoic
Sharply defined back wall
Round or ovoid
Posterior enhancement
230
what do complex cysts contain?
- internal echoes
- Septations
- Calcifications
- Mural nodularity
231
what are considered benign septations?
Thin,smooth septa attached to thin wall
232
what are ominous signs of septations?
Complex cysts with thick septa >1cm and thick wall attachment
233
what suggests a complicated cyst rather than malignancy for calcifications?
Thin wall or septal calcification
234
what is more worrisome for calcifications?/
Thick irregular amorphous calcification
235
what excludes malignancy for calcifications?
Only surgical removal
236
what does milk of calcium cyst show?
Bright echogenic foci with ringdown artifact
237
do parapelvic cysts communicate with collecting system?
no
238
what do you need to show for parapelvic cysts?
Mimics hydronephrosis so take care to show noncontinuity with collecting system
239
what is the most common hereditary renal disorder?
Polycystic kidney disease-ADPKD
240
what does Polycystic kidney disease-ADPKD result in?
Results in a large number of bilateral cortical and medullary renal cysts
241
if you have this disease you are at risk for RCC
Polycystic kidney disease-ADPKD
242
what are complications of Polycystic kidney disease-ADPKD?
```
infection
hemorrhage
stones
obstruction
cyst rupture
```
243
what does ADPKD look like on US?
Very enlarged kidneys (>20cm)
Multiple bilateral cysts of varying sizes
Little cortex is visible
244
Medullary Sponge Kidney
dilated ecstatic collecting tubules
245
Multicystic dysplastic
Nonhereditary developmental anomaly
246
what does the kidney look like for multicystic dysplastic?
kidney is small, malformed with multiple cysts
247
multicystic dysplastic-bilateral or unilateral?
unilateral-asymptomatic
248
how do you get Medullary cystic kidney disease-MCKD1
inherited condition
249
what does Medullary cystic kidney disease-MCKD1 lead to?
scarring of the kidney and cyst formation
250
what does Medullary cystic kidney disease-MCKD1 result in?
kidney failure
251
Multilocular cystic nephroma
Uncommon & benign neoplasm
252
what does Multilocular cystic nephroma look like?
Multiseptated,exophytic complex cystic mass with noncommunicating locules
253
which disease is biopsy not recommended?
Multilocular cystic nephroma
254
Localized cystic disease
- rare
- benign
- Mimics Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
255
what aids in diagnosis of localized cystic disease?
No family history of ADPKD & lack of cysts in other kidney aids in diagnosis
256
VonHippel -Lindau disease
Usually multifocal and bilateral
| Renal cysts are a common finding
257
Tuberous sclerosis
- Multiple cysts from microscopic to 3 cm in size
- Appears similar to ADKPD
- Associated with AML and RCC
258
what are the renal Injuries with trauma?
1. minor injury
2. major injury
3. catastrophic injury
4. ureteropelvic junction avulsion
259
what is the most common etiology for Renal vein thrombosis?
membranous glomerulonephritis-50%
260
Acute RVT sonographically
Large edematous hypoechoic kidney
261
Chronic RVT sonographically
Appears as small end stage echogenic kidney
262
what is the most common cause of acute reversible renal failure?
acute tubular necrosis
263
Acute tubular necrosis
Deposition of cellular debris within renal collecting tubules
264
Acute cortical necrosis
Rare cause of acute renal failure
| Ischemic necrosis of cortex
265
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Necrosis and mesangial cell proliferation of the glomerulus
266
Acute Glomerulonephritis, what kidney is affected?
both kidneys are affected
267
Acute Glomerulonephritis chronic disease
Profound,global symmetrical parenchymal loss occurs
| Small smooth echogenic kidneys
268
Acute interstitial nephritis
Acute hypersensitivity reaction of the kidney to drugs
269
what is acute interstitial nephritis on US?
enlarged echogenic kidneys
270
what is the most common cause of chronic renal failure?
diabetes mellitus
271
what does amyloidosis present with?
renal failure
272
Interstitial Cystitis
chronic inflammation of bladder wall
273
interstitial cystitis on US
small capacity
| thick walled bladder
274
Neurogenic Bladder
- smooth large capacity, thin walled bladder on sonography
| - a large post void residual will be seen
275
Bladder Diverticula
- acquired
- previous bladder outlet obstruction
- post void residual images-detect change
