Quiz

Question 1

4 main parts of urinary system

Answer 1

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

Question 2

name 3 metabolic waste products excreted through the urinary system

Answer 2

urea
uric acid
creatinine

Question 3

which are the 2 most important electrolytes controlled by the kidneys

Answer 3

sodium

potassium

Question 4

how do kidneys control blood ph

Answer 4

conserve bicarbonate and secrete H+

Question 5

2 hormones produced by kidneys

Answer 5

calcitriol

erythropoitein

Question 6

name 2 distinct regions that make up internal kidney dtructure

Answer 6

renal medulla

renal cortex

Question 7

what is basic functional unit of urinary system

Answer 7

nephron

Question 8

name 3 sections of renal tubule

Answer 8

proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule

Question 9

what is the special name for smooth muscle tissue in the bladder

Answer 9

detrusor muscle

Question 10

how does micturation process differ in babies & adults

Answer 10

infants - reflex
adults - learned control of urethral sphincter & pelvic floor muscles allow voluntary initiation and delay of micturation

Question 11

name 3 processes kidneys perform when forming urine

Answer 11

glomerular filtration - in renal corpuscle

tubular reabsorption - in renal tubules]tubular secretion - in renal tubules

Question 12

3 substances that should normally be found in glomerular filtrate

Answer 12

water
mineral salts
amino acids
ketoacids
glucose
hormones
creatinine
urea
uric acid
toxins
some drugs

Question 13

give 2 ways that kidney structure is adapted to be good at filtration

Answer 13

efferent arteriole diameter smaller than afferent arteriole - increases pressure for filtration
pores in glomrular capillaries are 50 times more leaky than normal capillaries allowing water and solutes to pass through more easily

Question 14

define term autoregulation

Answer 14

blood through through nephrons is constant, despite normal changes in systolic blood pressure 80-180 mmHg
this is controlled by adjusting diameter of arterioles bringing blood into kidneys in response to blood pressure/filtrate flow rate

Question 15

when you do urine dipstick test you don’t expect to protein, why/

Answer 15

plasma proteins are too big to pass through glomerular pores

Question 16

give 2 ex of tubular reabsorbed substances

Answer 16

water
electrolytes
amino acids and small proteins
glucose

Question 17

what is the point of tubular secretion

Answer 17

secretion of waste products and excess ions to allow these substances to be removed from blood & excreted in urine

Question 18

patients with high blood pressure are sometimes given ACE inhibitors, why?

Answer 18

stops angiotensin 1 being converted to vasoconstrictor angiotrensin 2

Question 19

what is role of ADH

Answer 19

increases water reabsorption by increasing permeability of the distal convoluted tubules

Question 20

name 4 substances that are normal consituents of urine

Answer 20

water
urea
uric acid
creatinine
ammonia
Na, K, Cl, P, S, Oxalates

Question 21

Suggest 5 general signs/symptoms that might suggest a urinary system pathology

Answer 21

frequent/painful urinating/urge to go
high urine volume great thirst
low or no urine volume
red urine - blood/beetroot
pain in kidney area
oedema
headaches
exhaustion
nausea, vomiting
pale
puffy face
bags under eyes
vertical wrinkles and prominent arteries on temples (renal pressure)
swollen hands/feet
swelling worse at night (protein loss)

Question 22

dysuria

Answer 22

pain on urination

Question 23

oliguria

Answer 23

little urine

Question 24

bacteriuria

Answer 24

bacteria in urine

Question 25

name 3 symptoms that may indicate a patient has cystitis

Answer 25

dysuria, frequent urge day & night, cloudy, smelly urine, suprapubic pain, haematuria

Question 26

why are UTIs more common in women

Answer 26

shorter urethra

Question 27

what is most common cause of chronic cystitis

Answer 27

enlarged prostate obstructing urine flow

Question 28

what causes glomerulonephritis

Answer 28

antigen-antibody complexes deposit in the glomeruli and cause a damaging immune reaction which leads to leaky capillaries and cell proliferation which can interfere with filtration process.

Question 29

what is consequence of glomerular sclerosis

Answer 29

high blood pressure

Question 30

explain why nephrotic syndrome leads to oedema

Answer 30

glomeruli become too leaky and protein seeps through (albuminuria) Low osmotic pressure leads to Oedema

Question 31

why do diabetics often get kidney problems

Answer 31

damage to large & small BVs in the body with diabetes progressive glomerulosclerosis atheroma of renal arteries

Question 32

what is pyelonephritis

Answer 32

acute microbial infection of renal pelvis and kidney medulla renal pelvis and calyces fill with purulent exudate medulla is infmaed, abcesses/necrosis may be present

Question 33

name an early symptom in a urine dipstick test that might lead you to beleive someone has kidney stones

Answer 33

microscopic blood in urine

Question 34

name a complication of diabetic drugs

Answer 34

loss of electrolytes! | can lead to muscle weakness and palpitations caused by excessive loss of K and Mg

Question 35

describe peritoneal dialysis

Answer 35

peritoneal cavity is filled with dialysis fluid | waste products from the blood can filter into the fluid and be removed by a shunt

Question 36

if kidney problems which macro nutrient should you cut back on

Answer 36

protein

Question 37

if you are low on electrolytes, what happens when you drink water

Answer 37

goes straight through you