Quiz 4 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Mental Set
A
one’s strategy/preference to approach a problem
2
Q
How were people able to solve the tumor problem?
A
An analogy
3
Q
Functional Fixedness
A
A fixed mental set for the function of an object
4
Q
Example problem for functional fixedness
A
attaching a candle to wall or 2 string problem
5
Q
What mattered in the candle problem?
A
Where the tacks were placed
6
Q
Divergent Thinking
A
Expands the number of possible problem solutions
7
Q
Convergent thinking
A
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
8
Q
Fluid intelligence
A
Ability to solve new problems
9
Q
Crystallized intelligence
A
Ability to solve similar problems that you have encountered before
10
Q
How do we measure intelligence?
A
IQ (linguistic, numerical and spatial ability)
11
Q
Answering a question on an IQ test involves…
A
problem solving, reasoning, decision making, and language
12
Q
Deductive reasoning
A
the process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations
13
Q
Inductive reasoning
A
reasoning form detailed facts to general principles
14
Q
Categorical syllogism
A
a syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statements that begin with all, no, or some; deductive reasoning
15
Q
Propositional Reasoning
A
The fact or assertion that you can infer from a sentence
16
Q
Content effect in four card task
A
Four card task where you have to choose which cards you would flip to see if the rules are true; people perform better when the example.cards are an example of real life; supports linguistic relativism
17
Q
Analogical Reasoning
A
Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second; inductive reasoning
18
Q
Ravens Progressive Matrices
A
Exception to inductive reasoning because there is only one possible outcome; showed that language can also impact spatial reasoning because deaf/language impaired people performed worse even though language isn’t needed; supports linguistic relativism
19
Q
Hypothesis testing is an example of…
A
inductive reasoning
20
Q
Null Hypothesis
A
the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being bue to sampling or experimental error
21
Q
Alternative hypothesis
A
The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data
22
Q
Type 1 error
A
Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true; false positive
23
Q
Type 2 error
A
Failing to rejecting a false null hypothesis; false negative
24
Q
Confirmation bias
A
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
25
Higher level cognition
problem solving, reasoning, and decision making
26
Box and arrow model of answering a multiple choice question
Perception-> retrieving meaning of words from semantic memory to understand question -> reasoning-> problem solving-> decision making -> shift attention to next question
27
Things to help you make decisions
Decision trees or cost and benefits lists
28
Utility Maximization
The proposal that people make decisions by selecting the option that has the greatest utility
29
Reason based choice
A proposal for how people make decisions, The central idea is that people make a choice when and only when they detect what they believe to be a persuasive reason for making that choice
30
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can affect decisions and judgements
31
Decision making process
Understand problem, set goal and formulate a hypothesis, brainstorm possible solutions, weigh costs and benefits, final decision
32
Disease problem and monetary reward problem illustrates...
framing
33
What does framing support?
Linguistic Relativism
34
Other factors in decision making
age
35
Substance abuse and Decision making
Balloon task study showed that weed smokers made riskier decisions; card game also showed these results with weed and cocaine
36
Emotion control and decision making
patients with damage to their orbitofrontal cortex made riskier decisions in the card game
37
Children decision making
Children rely on environmental reliability because they don't have the other necessary cognitive processes
38
Environmental reliability experiments
break a promise in treatment group and don't in control group and see how that affects decision making
39
What is needed for mental stimulation of the selected action to occur?
Experience in order to imagine possible outcomes
40
If something is familiar, then we...
Quickly select an action instead of planning first
41
If something is unfamiliar then we...
Reassess and seek more information
42
Utility maximization
Maximize values when making a decision
43
Piagets stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor (birth-1.5), pre-operational (1.5-7), concrete operational(7-12), formal operational (12+)
44
Sensorimotor Stage
Building up the database of memory representation through sensation and perception
45
Object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
46
Why is peek a boo funny?
Because young kids haven't developed object permanence
47
Pre-operational Stage
Burst of vocab size, arbitrary association between sound and object, language specific labels, egocentrism, development of theory of mind
48
Ecocentric
Thinking from ones own perspective
49
Theory of mind
peoples ideas about their own and others mental states' about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict (seeing from others point of view, sympathy, lying/cheating, and socialization)
50
Test of theory of mind
Sally-Anne False belief task
51
Autism delays the development of...
Theory of mind
52
Sally-Anne false belief task
fail: say where ball actually is even though Sally doesn't know succeed: say Sally's false belief; Children understand these tasks when they have theory of mind
53
What did the theory of mind test with deaf children show?
That piaget is inaccurate because 4-7 year olds have many difference; medium of instruction matters
54
Failing to mentally reverse an action is in which stage?
Pre-operatioal Stage
55
Mental Reversal of Action Example
Dot test: Which line has more dots?; Kids who haven't developed mental rotation/sense of quantity say the spread out dot pattern has more dots
56
Concrete Operations
Theory of mind developed; Ability to reverse transformation in their mind; developed sense of quantity
57
Formal operations stage
Logical thinking: solving abstract problems; reflective abstraction: learning by self reflection from past experiences
58
Potential problems with piagets theory
Noteveryone follows these discrete stages of development; age ranges are false; theorized based on his 3 kids; experimenter bias in questions
59
Experimenter bias
A phenomenon that occurs when a researchers expectation of preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
60
Perceptual development in infancy
Evidence against Piagets theory of development; Piaget thought babies in sensorimotor stage show no difference in their response when seeing both events; this study showed that 3 month old babies already showed surprisal when seeing the impossible event
61
Nativism
Biologically Determined (nature); chomsky
62
Empiricim
Learning through experiences; assumes that the mind is a blank slate at birth
63
Behaviorism
Conditioning and reinforcement
64
How did Chomsky argue against behaviorism
He said that the input from the environment isn't good enough for kids to acquire their native language
65
Analytic approach
older children do this better than younger; pay more attentions to details/features
66
What approach do younger kids use?
Holistic approach
67
Shape bias
2-3 year olds categorize objects by shape with the same label
68
Object recognition experiment
Studied if the level of detail of objects affected correct categorization in kids with varying level of vocabulary; level of detail of objects didn't affect categorization in kids who had the largest vocab; least level of detail improved over time which shows that abstract objects recognition develops over time
69
Development of working memory experiment
Looked at digit, word, and letter span; showed that working memory capacity increases with age
70
Alternate explanations to development of working memory
Processing speed rather than memory capacity increases with age; less familiar with the experimental contexts and procedures at younger ages
71
Contributing factors to differences in cognitive abilities
Attention span, inhibitory control, memory capacity, processing speed, spatial cognition, reasoning skills, and problem solving skills
72
Cognitive Style
preferred ways of solving problems and making decisions
73
Cognitive Styles is associated with _____ and influenced by____
Personality and external factors
74
Field-dependent style
A learning style in which a persons perception of and thinking about a task or problem are strongly influenced by such contextual factors
75
Field-independent style
People who perceive the elements of an environment as separate from each other and as standing out from the background
76
What types of style is better for the embedded figure test?
Field independent because they are better at suppressing irrelevant information
77
Framed line test
looks at individual difference in cognitive styles and the cultural effect; found that Japanese people are field dependent and American are field independent; absolute task: redrawn line is same length; relative task: redrawn line is same ratio
78
How do we know location matters for the framed line test?
Because Americans in Japan perform like Japanese and vice versa
79
Reflectivity
Careful in making decisions
80
Impulsivity
Fast but lots of erros
81
What test looks at reflectivity and impulsivity?
Matching familiar figure test
82
Matching familiar figures test
MDMA users made a lot more errors but faster response
83
What else does matching familiar figures test measure?
Visual search/perception, attention, decision making, search strategy, etc.
84
Learning
process leading to the acquisition of knowledge and skills
85
Explicit Learning
Learning that involved conscious awareness of what has been learned
86
Example of explicit learning
Lecture
87
Implicit Learning
Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
88
Examples of implicit learning
Speech, playing music, skill in sports, artistic ability, culture
89
Implicit sequential learning experiment
Seeing sequences of faces on the screen; significant decrease in reaction time as the session went on which shows evidence of implicit learning; slower reaction time in unstructured than structured sequences which is evidence of implicit learning
90
Surprisal Effect in faces/implicit learning study
Unstructured sequenced yielded larger fMRI activation than structured ones
91
Contributing factors to individual differences in learning
Cognitive abilities, motivation, learning styles, etc.
92
Honey and Mufford learning style questionairre
Activists: learn by doing; Reflectors: Learn by reflection; Theorisits: learn through models and concepts; Pragmatists: learn bu putting theories into practice
93
Cognitive Aging
Lifelong process of gradual, ongoing yet highly variable change in cognitive functions that occur as people get older that is not a disease or a quantifiable level of function
94
What may contribute to individual differences in cognitive aging?
Health and living environment, stimulus, cognitive styles, etc.
95
What skills are least impacted by cognitive aging?
Numeric ability and verbal ability
96
What skills are most impacted by cognitive aging
verbal memory, spatial orientation, perceptual speed and inductive reasoning
97
Inhibitory control
being aware of the stimulus change and shift attention accordingly
98
Cognitive aging in bilinguals inhibitory control study
colors and pressing keys computer test; congruent: red dot on right edge; incongruent: red dot on left edge; simon effect = RT-RT; Simon effect is greater in older people; Monolinguals experience even larger simon effect than bilinguals
99
What other processes are involved in the simon task
Keeping instruction in mind; Seeing the dot; Attending the dot, Shifting from one edge to the other; response
100
Is everything in our cognition influenced by culture?
Cultural relativism: cognitive process influence by culture; Culture universality: cognitive process independent of culture
101
Cultural influence on cognition; an empiricist view
How do you fill in the blank slate with our experience; the source of experience is sensorimotor and culture
102
Cultural influence on cognition; a behvaiorist view
Your behavior can also be conditioned by your culture
103
How do cultures influence cognition?
Learning styles, memory recall, categorization, perception and counting
104
Example of cultural influence on counting
Oksapmi; can be explained by conditioning, supports cultural relativism
105
Example of cultural influence on memory recall
Different cultures have different object frequencies
106
Example of Cultural influence on categorixation
Knowledge based categorization: cultural and educational influence on knowledge; prototypes and exemplars vary
107
Piraha counting system supports...
Linguistic relativism and cultural relativism
108
Individual difference can result from...
Cognitive styels, cognitive abilities, cognitive aging, ad well as cultural influences
109
Our decision making be be influenced by...
Substance abuse, age, framing of outcomes and emotion
110
In an emergency, what kind of mechanism do experts use to make decision to solve a problem?
Recognition primed decision
111
Recognition primed decision
a decision that is quickly made following recognition of a situation
