Quiz #4 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

When blood sugar levels are high, the pancreas does what?

Releases insulin

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When blood sugar levels are low, the…

pancreas releases glucagon

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Diabetes occurs when

the beta cells of the pancreas either stop producing or do not produce enough of the hormone insulin

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Because there is not enough insulin, there is a low absorption of ______________ by the body’s cells

when there isn’t enough insulin,
There’s a low absorption of glucose in the body

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What is the result of when there is insulin resistance or when there is a low absorption of glucose by the body’s cells?

high blood glucose levels, and a spillover of excess glucose into the urine.

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What is insulin resistance?

Insulin resistance is when the body can’t make use of the available insulin.

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What is it called where someone has high blood glucose levels?

hyperglycemia

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When does prediabetes occur?

Prediabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

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Prediabetes is also called…

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)

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What is the mortality rate of Diabetes in 2023?

102,242 (8th leading cause of death)
75,578 in 2016

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What is the prevalence of diabetes in the US?

Prevalence of diabetes in the US: 11.3% of the population with a total of 37.3 million children and adults

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How many people who have diabetes are diagnosed?

The number of people who have diabetes that are diagnosed is 28.7 million

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How many of those who have diabetes are undiagnosed?

Those who have diabetes that are undiagnosed total 8.6 million

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What is the incidence rate of Diabetes?

1.5 million new cases per year

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How many people, 18 or older have prediabetes?

96 million people (38% of adults)

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How many of those that are 65 or older have prediabetes?

26.4 million people (48.8%)

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What are the three ways that Type 1 Diabetes is also referred to as?

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), Type 1, and Juvenile Onset Diabetes

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Which type of diabetes is considered to be an auto-immune disease?

Type 1 is considered to be an auto-immune disease

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What percent of diabetics have Type 1

5-10%

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True or False: type 1 diabetes symptoms typically appear abruptly.

True: type 1 diabetes symptoms typically appear abruptly

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When does the peak incidence rate occur for type 1 diabetes?

During puberty (10-12 in girls/12-14 in boys)

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Match the description to the type of diabetes: little or no insulin is produced, fat is used for energy and ketones are produced (ketoacidosis)

type 1 diabetes

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In which race group is type 1 diabetes most prevalent in? Is prevalence increasing, decreasing, or not changing?

Caucasians, prevalence is not increasing

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What are the other two names that Type 2 diabetes is referred to as?

Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), and Adult or Maturity Onset Diabetes

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What precent of diabetics have type 2?

90-95% of all diabetics have type 2

In type 2 diabetes, symptoms usually appear ___________ and in people over the age of ___________________, and usually occurs in people who are ____________

n type 2 diabetes, symptoms usually appear GRADUALLY and in people over the age of 40, and usually occurs in people who are OBESE.

Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in higher rates within what race groups?

Native Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics

Is the prevalence rate for type 2 diabetes increasing, decreasing, or staying the same?

The prevalence is increasing

What are the four main complications that may occur with diabetes?

CVD, Nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy.

What is nephropathy?

Kidney disease

Diabetes Mellitus is the leading cause of: ___________, which would cause a patient to need ________ or a _______to live. Diabetes is also the leading cause of _______________.

End stage renal disease, which would cause a patient to need dialysis or a transplant to live. Diabetes is also the leading cause of blindness.

What is retinopathy?

Eye disease

What is neuropathy?

A nervous system disease

What can complications from diabetes lead to?

Amputations of lower limbs, impotence, perinatal (around the time of birth) mortality and morbidity,

The vast majority of diabetics have either Type 1 or Type 2. Which 2 other types are less prevalent?

Gestational Diabetes (GDM) and Latent Auto Immune Diabetes of the Adult (LADA)

Gestational Diabetes occurs in about _______% of all pregnancies.

Gestational Diabetes occurs in about (FOUR) 4% of all pregnancies.

Gestational Diabetes is usually a _________ condition.

Transient (only occurs for a short time)

When gestational diabetes occurs, it's because pregnancy hormones can block _________ from doing its job

When gestational diabetes occurs, it's because pregnancy hormones can block INSULIN from doing its job

Does your risk for Type 2 diabetes increase or decrease when you have Gestational diabetes?

Increases

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is also known as: __________________ and insulin is very _____ at diagnoses

TYPE 1.5, insulin is very LOW

What are the 8 symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, cessation of growth, irritability, fatigue/drowsiness, coma

What are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?

Polyuria: excessive urination Polydipsia- excessive thirst Polyphagia- excessive eating

What are the 6 symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 is often asymptomatic, but can exhibit any of the symptoms for type 1 plus: Frequent infections, blurred vision, cuts/bruises that are slow to heal, tingling/numbness in hands or feet, recurring skin, gum, bladder infections, UTI's or vaginal infections

What is the diagnostic criteria for Fasting Plasma Glucose for diagnoses of Diabetes?

A value more than or equal to 126 mg/dL

What is a normal and impaired fasting plasma glucose level?

Normal= <100 mg/dL Impaired= 100-125 mg/dL (also called prediabetes)

Give the values for an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Normal= Less than 140 mg/dL Impaired glucose tolerance= 140-199 mg/dL (prediabetes) Diagnostic Criteria= More than or equal to 200 mg/dL

Give the values for Hemoglobin (A1C)

Normal <5.7% Impaired= 5.7-6.4% (also called prediabetes) Diagnostic criteria = More than or equal to 6.5%

What are two main things that are monitored for diabetes?

Blood glucose and Hemoglobin A1C

What is Hemoglobin A1C also called, and what is it?

It is also called a glycosylated hemoglobin or AC1. It is a blood test where an average blood glucose concentration over a period of 2-3 hours is measured.

What is the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommendation for a hemoglobin A1C percent?

The recommended percent is to be <7%, anything over 8% indicates poor glucose control

What are the two risk factors for Type 1 diabetes?

Family history and race (Caucasian)

True or false: there are more risk factors for type two diabetes as compared to type 1

True, some of these risk factors include: family history, race (not including Caucasian), metabolic syndrome, physical inactivity, low HDL/High TG/ HTN, etc

As the prevalence of obesity has increased in America, the prevalence of diabetes has____________________. This is termed as what two things?

As the prevalence of obesity has increased in America, the prevalence of diabetes has INCREASED. This is termed as "the obesity epidemic" or "the diabesity epidemic"

An active lifestyle/physical activity prevents the dysregulation in ___________________

An active lifestyle/physical activity prevents the dysregulation IN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS

What are the 6 things that influence blood glucose levels? (controllable)

when and what food and drinks are consumed, physical activity, location and timing of insulin injections, illness, and stress

Who is part of the multidisciplinary team for treatment of diabetes?

Physician (endocrinologist or diabetologist), certified diabetes care and education specialist (CDCES), Registered Dietician, and Exercise Professional (ACSM-RCEP or ES)

Many diabetics will give themselves insulin how many shots per day?

3 shots per day

What percent of of individuals with Type 2 diabetes need insulin?

40%

What are the two treatment goals for diabetes?

Control of blood glycose (A1C of <7.0%) and postponing/delaying medical complications

What are the 5 principle approaches for treatment of diabetes?

self monitoring of blood glycose (SMBG), drugs, diet, exercise, and patient education

What percent of type 2 diabetes can be controlled with diet and exercise?

-80% Type 2 can be controlled with diet and exercise

List the 5 dietary approaches for helping with diabetes

Moderate fat, low simple sugars and high in complex carbs, moderate in proteins, limited alcohol intake, increased intake of vitamin D and Magnesium

For diabetics, it's recommended that there should be a decrease in _________ (< equal to ____% daily energy intake) and that total fat intake should be around what percent of total daily energy?

For diabetics, it's recommended that there should be a decrease in SFA (< equal to 7% daily energy intake) and that total fat intake should be around 30% of total daily energy intake

For diabetics, simple sugars should be replaced by

For diabetics, simple sugars should be replaced by MUFA

What is the glycemic index?

The glycemic index is the rise of blood glucose following ingestion of food as a percentage

for diabetics, what should the percent of protein be regarding total daily energy intake?

for diabetics, 15-20% of should make up the total daily energy intake

Does increased intake of vitamin D and magnesium increase, decrease, or not change the risk for T2DM?

Increased intake of vitamin D and magnesium decreases the risk for T2DM

Does exercise increase, decrease or have no effect on: Obesity, insulin resistance, and risk for CVD?

Exercise decreases obesity, insulin resistance, and risk for CVD