Quiz #5 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

How do you calculate BMI?

By putting weight (kg), over height (m^2)

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How do you get pounds to Kg?

Divide by 2.2

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How do you get inches to meters

Multiply by 0.0254

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What is waist to hip ratio

Circumference at waist divided by circumference at hips

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what does waist to hip ratio indicate?

Regional distribution of fat (or fat body pattern) The two types are upper body/android obesity, and lower body/gynoid obesity

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Waist circumference provides a what of risk for chronic disease?

Excellent predictor of risk for chronic disease

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what is the high risk criteria for men and women with regards to waist circumference?

For men: >102 cm (about 40 inches)
For women: >88 cm (about 35 inches)

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What is body composition?

Refers to fat weight (fat mass) expressed as a percentage of total body weight

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What is the two component model for body composition?

Fat mass (FM)- all extractable lipid, and Fat free mass (FFM)/Lean Body mass (LBM)

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What percentage of water is Fat mass?

14-22%

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What % water is Fat free mass, and what is it made up of?

Fat free mass is 70-80%, made up of water, protein, and mineral components

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What percentage of males are considered obese by NHANES data?

32.2%

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What percentage of females are considered obese by NHANES data?

35%

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When were the health hazards of obesity first officially recognized by NIH?

1985

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What is the estimated number of annual deaths that can be attributed to obesity among US adults?

280,000

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What is the relationship between BMI and excess mortality? When is the risk low? When it is the highest risk?

the relationship is a curvilinear increase in excess mortality with rising BMI. This risk is low with a BMI of 25 to 30 and increases as BMI increase. The highest risk is seen with BMI’s above 40

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Obesity leads to increased Incidence of….

CHD/CAD (MI), cerebrovascular disease (CVA), PVD/PAD, AS, HTN, and dyslipidemia

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Those who are obese are more likely to have…

Higher total cholesterol, Higher LDL, lower HDL, higher TG

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Obese men had higher mortality rates for cancer of the:

colon and rectum, and prostate

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Obese women had higher mortality rates for cancers of the

Gallbladder, bile ducts, breast, uterus and ovaries

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What are other problems that can occur with obesity?

Respiratory problems, sleep apnea, infertility, complications of pregnancy, menstrual irregularity, gallbladder disease, carpal tunnel, and hormonal problems.

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Better to be “fit and _____” than “unfit and ____”. What is this called?

Better to be fit and fat, than unfit and lean. This is often referred to as fitness versus fatness debate

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What are the 2 main lab methods and field methods for measuring body composition?

2 main lab methods: hydrostatic weighing and Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
2 main field methods: Skinfolds and Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

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What is NHANES?

National health and nutrition examination survey that does physical/physiological exams

What is BRFSS?

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which is where data is collected through phone

Why is the prevalence in obesity lower with BRFSS?

Most likely because people are not being 100% honest with obesity rates through the phone

What percentage of adults are obese according to the CDC?

41.9% of adults are obese according to the CDC

According to the CDC, what % of adults are either overweight or obese?

73.6% of adults are obese or overweight according to the CDC

What precent of adults are either normal body weight or underweight according to the CDC?

26.4% are either normal body weight or underweight according to the CDC

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the underweight category? What is the disease risk?

<18.5, increased risk

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the normal category? What is the disease risk?

18.5-24.9, normal

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the overweight category? What is the disease risk?

25-29.9, increased

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the class 1 obesity category? What is the disease risk?

30.0-34.9, high

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the class 2 obesity category? What is the disease risk?

35-39.9, very high

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the class 3 (extreme obesity) category? What is the disease risk?

anything equal to or above 40, extremally high

Energy balance is a complex interaction between...

energy intake and energy expenditure

The body's ideal weight thermostat is located where?

The hypothalamus

Genetic influences contribute to most, if not all, cases of typical obesity and all cases of severe obesity. True or False?

True

What is secreted by adipose tissue to decrease appetite?

Leptin

If there is a defective leptin receptor, then the risk for obesity...

Increases

How many excess kilocalories does it take to store 1 pound of adipose tissue?

3,500

Is fat more easily stored than CHO or protein?

Yes

Alcohol contains how many kcals?

7 kcal

What was the purpose of the Bouchard study?

To examine differences in responses of different persons to long-term overfeeding

What subjects were apart of the bouchard study?

12 pairs of young adult male identical (monozygotic) twins

What were the methods of the bouchard study?

Subjects were overfed by 1000 kcal per days for 84 days during a 100 day period

What was the conclusion of the bouchard study?

A comparable surplus of energy doesnt cause identical Reponses with respect to body weight, body comp, or regional distribution of fat.

According to NHLBI guidelines, the treatment to lose weight is to do what to caloric intake and expenditure

Decrease caloric intake and increase caloric expenditure. (or do both)

How many pounds should your goal be to lose per week?

1-2 pounds per week or 1% of total body weight per week.

How many calories per day falls into the moderate deficit calorie diet?

>or equal to 1,200 kcal/day for women > or equal to 1,400 kcal/day for men

How many calories per day falls into the low calorie diet?

800-1,200 kcal/day for women 800-1,400 kcal/day for men

How many calories per day falls into the very low calorie diet?

less than or equal to 800 kcal per day for men and women

What is basal metabolic rate?

Energy utilized at complete rest

What is the less strict version of BMR?

Resting metabolic rate or (RMR)

How do you find BMR?

1.0 kcal/min * 60 (mins) * 24 hours= 1,440 kcal/day

What is the average BMR of females and males?

For females: 1,400 kcal/day Males: 1,800kcal/day

What is the thermic effect of food? (TEF)

Energy expended to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize and store food

What is the total daily expenditure equation?

TDEE= RMR+TEF+ PA/Ex

How much does BMR decrease per decade after age 30?

1-2%