Quiz 4 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
working memory
A
helps retain info long enough for us to process it
2
Q
information processing modell
A
how incoming information is processed represents the voluntary problem-solving strategies of each person
problem solving strategies for information processing are overseen by the executive function–> how we process in a neurocognitive way
3
Q
steps in information processing (overseen by the executive function)
A
attention, discrimination, organization, memory
4
Q
attention
A
awareness of a learning situation and active cognitive processing
orientation and reaction
5
Q
orientation
A
directing focus to the stimulus
children are specifically motivated by moving and changing objects
bright colors are also motivating
6
Q
reaction
A
amt of time required for an individual to respond to a stimulus
7
Q
discrimination
A
ability to identify relevant vs. non-relevant info
requires working memory (here and now) involved the simultaneous storage and processing of information
8
Q
organization
A
the organization of information for future retrieval
9
Q
two kinds of organizational strategies
A
meditational strategies
associative strategies
10
Q
meditational strategies
A
a symbol forms a link to some info (e.g. an image may facilitate recall of an event)
11
Q
associative strategies
A
one symbol is commonly linked with another (e.g. apple/banana, boy/girl)
12
Q
short-term memory
A
storage for a small amt of info to be retrieved soon
e.g. recalling items on a shopping list, recalling a phone number
13
Q
long-term memory
A
information that has been rehearsed and organized
explicit and implicit memory
14
Q
explicit memory
A
facts and events,
meaning and concepts
important names, dates, addresses, birthdays, etc
15
Q
implicit memory
A
consists of knowing how to do something such as put words together or ask something
16
Q
transfer or generalization
A
the ability to apply previously learned material to similar but novel problems
17
Q
near transfer
A
when the 2 are very similar
18
Q
far transfer
A
when very dissimilar
19
Q
top down processing
A
conceptually driven or affected by expectations about incoming information
e.g. the cat caught a …. mouse (we used what we know)
20
Q
bottom up processing
A
data driven; analysis occurs at the levels of sound/syllable discrimination and proceeds upward to recognition and comprehension
e.g. the cat caught a … /b/
21
Q
newborn- activation of cortical areas
A
lower brain- basic bodily functioning (breathing) activates
cerebellum and basal ganglia- reflexive movements
22
Q
2 months of age- the motor cortex becomes more active
A
more control of volitional or voluntary motor behaviors
many reflexive patterns disappear
23
Q
3 months of age- the visual cortex become more active
A
child gains a full-range focus
focus on things close in or far distant
24
Q
how do humans actively contribute to their own cognitive growth?
A
by observing, exploring, experimenting, and seeking information
25
sensation
reception of sensory information (receiving)
26
perception
use of sensory information and previous knowledge to make snse of incoming stimuli
interpretation of sensory info ex)a child hears a "beep" and thinks car
27
motor control
muscle movement and the sensory feedback that informs the brain of the extent of that movement
ex) baby laughs and lifts arms to be picked up
28
cognition
mental abilities involved in
- comprehension of info
- language acquisition
- executive function
- use of knowledge
29
how does sensation contribute to learning?
increased attention to a specific stimulus increases the chance of remembering that stimulus
as a newborn you are at the mercy of your senses
newborns have difficulty controlling attention or concentrating mental activity
you may struggle to attend to specific sensation at a time OR you may have difficulty "breaking free" from a particular sensation
30
Perception at 2 months
prefer a "typical face"
31
Perception at 3 months
perceive facial differences
32
Perception between 4 and 6 months
respond more positively to a smile
33
Perception between 5 and 8 months
begin to perceive their own face
34
increased memory allows...
evocation (recalling) of familiar faces, objects and sounds
35
motor control- FETUS
discernible movement begins at 7 weeks
hand to face contact and body rotation are seen at 10 weeks
rhythmic suck-swallow pattern established at 6 months
36
motor control- NEWBORN
movements consist of twitches, jerks, and random movements
involuntary motor patterns called reflexes
37
motor control- 2 MONTHS
oral muscle control to stop and start movement
tactile stimulation is still needed
38
what contributes to determining cognitive development and enabling language?
both biology and experience
39
speech development- 2 MONTHS
"gooing" or "cooing"
quasi-resonant nuclei- non-crying vowel like sounds
40
speech development- 3 MONTHS
vocalizes in response to the speech of others
most responsive if his or her caregivers respond
41
speech development- 5 MONTHS
babbling
consonant + vowel (CV) combos
fully resonant nuclei- vowel like sounds
42
speech development- 5 and 6 MONTHS
reduplicated babbling
CVCV repetitions
consonant repertoire p,b,t,d,g,k; nasals, and the approximant /j/
43
echolalic speech or echolalia
immediate imitation of another speaker
44
variegated babbling
adjacent and successive syllables are not identical. sound sequences may also include VCV and CVC structures. (bada)
45
jargon
a pattern consists of long strings of unintelligible sounds with adult like prosody and intonation
46
phonetically consistent forms (PCFs)
consistent prosodic and speech-sound patterns (e.g. 'puda' - family cat or dog) created by a child
may not be an imitation of the adult form-but an indication of sound-meaning relationship
47
attention and joint attention
the ability of an infant to focus on something while his mother discusses or manipulates it is important for learning and may be a precursor of focusing on a conversational topic
joint attention- when a child can give attention to same item as their caregiver
48
processing
faster processing speed enables operations to be performed more rapidly
with maturation and repeated exposure to the environment, working memory expands and information processing become more automatic
49
what is better recall memory at 9 months related to?
its related to better gestural production at 14 months
ex) recall memory- see the puppy and recalls a specific memory about interacting with a puppy, then interacts with a puppy in a similar way
50
what does better recognition and recall at 12 months predict?
predicts better language skills at 36 months
51
what is the role of a caregiver
provide opportunity for learning without direct instruction
maintains an interactional dialogue with the infant by modifying their own behavior
mutual dialogues reach their greatest frequency at around 3 or 4 months of age
52
what comes first communication or language?
communication!!
53
during the 1st 3 months, what does a caregiver's response teach?
teaches a child the signal value of specific behaviors (stimulus-response sequence)
immediate positive parental responsiveness increases a child to communicate
the earlier and often you are responsive the more willing child is to communicate
54
development of communication- NEWBORN
caregiver interprets eye contact as a sign of interest or attention
parents of children with congenital blindness or children who avoid eye contact, such as those w autism, may have difficulty relating to their children
55
development of communication- 2 or 3 MONTHS
coordinates amounts of time spent gazing
social smile
cry
@ 3 months their vision gets less blurry--> more socialization
56
development of communication- 3-4 MONTHS
rituals and game playing
rituals such as feeding provide the child with predictable pattens of behavior and speech
57
development of communication- 5 MONTHS
vocalization for different attitudes (happy, sad, hungry)
58
development of communication- 6 MONTHS
learns that vocalizations have value and gains interest in toys; babbling gains meaning
59
what is the importance of eye gaze?
mutual gaze is important for the formation of attachment or bonding
infant-caregiver bonding is determined by the quality of interactions (longer the gaze the more synchronous)
factors that influence bonding and security include maternal playfulness, sensitivity, encouragement, and pacing
60
what are ways infants can communicate?
social smile
crying
eye contact/gazing
grasping (5-6 mos)
gestures
can teach babies signs as young as 7-8 months
61
intentionality
exhibited when a child begins to encode a message for someone else
initially, communication intentions are expressed primarily through gestures (I.e. requesting, interacting, and attracting attention)
62
development of intentionality- 6 MONTHS
communicate intentions more clearly and effectively
vocalizations/babbling have meaning
63
development of intentionality-7 MONTHS
responds differentially to the interactional partner
stay close to the caregiver
following caregivers' movements --> imitation of actions
becomes distressed if he/she leaves (stranger danger)
64
development of intentionality- 8-12 MONTHS
imitate simple motor behaviors
follow maternal pointing and glancing
parents can consistently recognize (some children on the spectrum don't have this skill)
infant intonational patterns
look at their partners at the beginning of a vocal turn
65
preintentional state (1/3)
begins at birth
caregivers interpret the infant's behavior and respond accordingly
toward the end of this initial period of intentional development
- become more interested in manipulating objects (using toys, putting mouth)
- begin to use gestures that demonstrate an understanding of object purpose or use
communication is limited to cries, coos and use of the face and body nonspecifically
66
gesturational intentions (2/3)
begins at 8 to 9 months
infants use conventional gestures, vocalizations, or both to communicate intentions
extends objects towards others to show/bring atttention to them but does not release them
67
pointing
may include the whole hand or single finger with the arm extended
by 12 mos. infant pointing to share with others, is a full communicative act
68
what are the first two initial gestures
protoimperitives and protodeclaratives
69
protoimperitives
requests
requesting objects, participation, or actions
70
protodeclaratives
pointing or showing, maintaining joint attention
71
first words (3/3)
intent becomes encoded in words with or without gestures
each language allows only certain syllable and phoneme sequencing structures, so predictability is high within words
predictable familiar words and phrases become associated with familiar contexts helping early meaning to form ex) "night night" assoc. w bedtime
72
infant -elicited social behavior
consists of maternal adaptations in speech and language, gaze, facial expression, facial presentation and head movement, and proxemics
maternal responsiveness is determined by the maturational level of the infance and culture-specific interactional patterns
73
what is infant directed speech?
characterized by higher pitch, short utterance length, simple syntax, and use of core vocabulary
mothers paraphrase and repeat themselves
children who are deaf and exposed to maternal signing from birth achieve all linguistic milestones at or before hearing children
74
what does infant directed speech do?
gain and hold the infant's attention
establish emotional bond
enable communication to occur at the earliest opportunity
75
gaze
a mother may remain in eye contact with her infant for a longer duration than in adult-directed conversations
during play, maternal gazing occurs up to 70% of the time simultaneous with vocalization
a mother monitors her infant's gaze, adjusting conversational topic accordingly
76
facial expression
mock surprise is used to initiate invire or signal readiness
an exchange can be maintained or modulated by a smile or an expression of concern
mothers use expressions to maintain infants' attention and aid comprehension
77
speech development- between 8-12 months
echo laic speech, variegated babbling, and jargon
78
what are additional adaptations mothers use?
facial presentation and head movement to transmit messages (many games are accomplished by full-face presentation)
proxemics- a mother communicates with her infant from a very close distance (as an infant gets older, american mothers communicate from a greater distance, which results in decreased touching and more eye contact)
79
infant and caregiver interactions are crucial for ....
crucial for infant learning and being able to participate in joint experiences
80
joint reference
presupposes that 2 or more individuals share a common focus
identification of autism is partly based on lack of joint reference
81
development of joint reference
JOINT ATTENTION (0-6 MONTHS)
from visually following caregiver
attending to utterances
following line of regard
82
development of joint reference
INTENTION TO COMMUNICATE (7-8 MONTHS)
pointing or showing
reach-for-real
reach-for-signal
83
development of joint reference
GESTURE AND VOCALIZATION (8-12 MONTHS)
protoimperatives and protodeclaratives
84
development of joint reference
NAMING AND TOPICALIZATION (12+ MONTHS)
joint reference within dialogues
85
joint action
refers to shared behaviors in familiar contexts, providing a structure in which language can be analyzed (I.e. a routine).
familiar contexts
- game playing
- routines
86
game playing
each mother and infant develop a unique set of interpersonal games, which becomes ritualized exchanges
mothers adjust to developmental changes in their infant's internal state
87
sequence of social play
two episodes that may occur several times per minute
greeting
moment of mutual gaze
maternal mock surprise
infant response (wide eyes, an open mouth, a smile, and head reorientation)
88
engagement episodes
establish attention, maintain attention, or enter into play
maternal behaviors often occur in repetitive runs within each episode
89
time out
rests used to readjust the interaction (give the child time to respond)
90
turn taking
most early turns last for less than 1 second
lack of maternal pauses can cause overstimulation and a less responsive infant
gaze, facial expression, body movement, or vocalization can all fill a turn
91
protoconversations
contain the initial elements of emerging conversation
initiation, mutual orientation, greeting, a play dialogue, and disengagement
also involves turn taking
92
situational variations
mothers use a variety of situations to facilitate language and communication development
interactional situations account for almost all activities of a 3 month old infant
- mother's lap--> body parts
- crib/bed-->. bedtime, routine
- infant seat
- bath--> routine
