quiz 4

Question 1

Chitin

Answer 1

long-chain polymer of glucose that is found in the main component of fungi cell wall

Question 2

fungi

Answer 2

1. large group of eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and vascular tissue
2. range in form from a single cell (yeast) to a body mass of branched filamentous hyphae forming mycelium (mushroom)

Question 3

Mycology

Answer 3

branch of biology that studies fungi

Question 4

Biology of fungi

Answer 4

the principal decomposers in the biosphere

Question 5

prion

Answer 5

infectious agent composed of proteins in misfolded form

Question 6

gram-negative-pink

Answer 6

1. bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics
2. peptidoglycan layer is thin and covered by an outer membrane of lipids
3. there are 7 chlamydia and 2 syphillis

Question 7

gram positive-purple

Answer 7

1. peptidoglycan layer is thick, sustains the purple dye

2. lacks lipopolysaccharide layer

Question 8

based on morphology (shape)

Answer 8

1. rod like bacillus
2. spherical coccus
3. spiral shaped spirillum

Question 9

arrangement of bacterial cells

Answer 9

1. Strepto - chains
2. Staphylo- cluster
3. Diplo - two

Question 10

classification of bacteria based on staining

Answer 10

1. gram negative= pink

2. gram positive= purple

Question 11

biotic

Answer 11

describes a living or once living component of a community; for example: plants and living

Question 12

abiotic

Answer 12

non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms

Question 13

phylogeny

Answer 13

evolution of a particular group of organisms

Question 14

ancestry of plants

Answer 14

1. plants evolved from aquantic of Protista who invaded land.
2. early plants involved in symbiotic association with fungi to absorb material thru roots

Question 15

evolutionary adaptions of plants to terrestrial life

Answer 15

1. they feed themselves by photosynthesis - (chloroplasts)
2. their source of energy is carbohydrates
3. grow almost exclusively on land

Question 16

Symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi and its benefits.

Answer 16

plants were involved in symbiotic associations with fungi to help absorption of materials through their roots

Question 17

types of reproduction in plants

Answer 17

Sporophytes and Gametophytes

Question 18

Sporophytes

Answer 18

1. the diploid multicellular stage in the alternation of generations during the life cycle of a plant
2. produce spores by meiosis

Question 19

Gametophytes

Answer 19

1. the the haploid multicellular stage in the alternation of generations during the life cycle of a plant
2. produce gametes by mitosis

Question 20

types of vascular tissues

Answer 20

ground tissue, dermal tissue, vascular tissue

Question 21

ground tissue

Answer 21

where the vascular tissue is embedded

Question 22

dermal tissue

Answer 22

1. the outer protective covering of the plant

2, often covered by a waxy layer called the cuticle

Question 23

vascular tissue

Answer 23

a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type creating a network throughout a plant

Question 24

vascular plants: dominance of diploid sporophyte

Answer 24

1. ovule produces egg

2. anther produces pollen grain (sperm): pollen bank

Question 25

Advances of angiosperms: development of fruits and seeds

Answer 25

- flowers are the reproductive structure | - fruit is a matured ovary containing embyos

Question 26

three types of tropisms in plants

Answer 26

1. phototropism 2. gravitropism 3. thigmotropism

Question 27

Plant hormone responsible for phototropism.

Answer 27

auxin plant hormone; auxin plant hormone leads to growth of the side where it is abundant

Question 28

Phototropism

Answer 28

causes plants growth toward light

Question 29

Gravitropism (geotropisms)

Answer 29

caused by gravity ; the negative stems grow upward and the positive roots grow downward

Question 30

Thigmotropism

Answer 30

- causes plants to grow around surfaces

Question 31

Tropisms

Answer 31

directional growth responses to external stimuli

Question 32

The scientific division of the earth’s past time into large blocks of time.

Answer 32

1. the largest blocks of time are eras 2. eras are divided into periods 3. some periods are divided into epochs, which can be divided into ages

Question 33

Degenerative evolution aka backward evolution

Answer 33

the notion that species can change into more “primitive" forms over time as the result of adaptation to their environment leading to loss of not used features (adaptive to parasitism).

Question 34

Parasitism evolution

Answer 34

loss of not used features of a species

Question 35

bacterial multiplication and DNA exchange

Answer 35

- prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission. | - they exchange DNA by plasmids conjugaction

Question 36

groups of protista that gave rise to animals, plants and fungi kingdoms

Answer 36

plant like, fungus, animal like

Question 37

general biology of plants

Answer 37

Require six inorganic molecules: | nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfur, phosphorus

Question 38

reproduction of early plants and their dominant state (sporophyte/gametophyte)

Answer 38

Plants reproduce asexually & sexually

Question 39

advances of gymnosperms

Answer 39

trees that produce their seeds in cones

Question 40

phylogeny of primates

Answer 40

1. grasping fingers & toes: first digit in many primates is opposable & at least some of the digits have nails 2. binocular vision permits the brain to judge distance precisely

Question 41

Division of mammals into three groups: monotremes, marsupials, placental mammals.

Answer 41

1. monotremes egg laying mammals 2. marsupials - pouched animals 3. placental most abundant

Question 42

Birds and their distinguishing characteristics.

Answer 42

Lay amniotic eggs with hard shells, have feathers that have a criss crossing structure and hollow bones

Question 43

buyoancy in sharks and bony fishes

Answer 43

Sharks : gain buoyancy by metabolizing oil in their huge livers, must keep swimming to counteract their denser-than-water bodies Bonyfishes: a gas-filled sac regulates buoyancy

Question 44

fish anatomy

Answer 44

brain, stomach, swim bladder, vascularized gills, scales made of keratin, and spine made of bone

Question 45

major distinguishing characteristics of reptiles

Answer 45

1. dry scaly skin protects from drying out (keratin) 2. thoracic breathing expands their chest cavity & increases their lung capacity 3. self contained amniotic egg protects embryo against drying out

Question 46

Phylogeny of primates.

Answer 46

nocturnal, arboreal & insectivorous, gave rise to bats, tree shrews & primates

Question 47

fish distinguishing characteristics

Answer 47

1. gills used to extract dissolved oxygen from water 2. vertebral column - internal skeleton with a spine 3. a single loop blood circulation, from the heart to the gills, to the body & back to the heart 4. unable to synthesize the aromatic amino acids (diet)