Quiz 4 (Ch. 4 + 5)

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

long-lasting change in behavior as result of exp.

Question 2

How do we learn?

Answer 2

operant conditioning, respondent conditioning

Question 3

operant conditoning

Answer 3

we learn what we do and what not to do based on consequences of behavior

Question 4

Conditioning is synonymous with?

Answer 4

learning

Question 5

ABCs of behavior

Answer 5

antecedent -> behavior -> consequence

Question 6

antecedent

Answer 6

what happens before behavior occurs

Question 7

consequence

Answer 7

what happens after behavior occurs

Question 8

reinforcement

Answer 8

one of the first basic principles investigated by behavior scientists

-occurrence of behavior followed by consequence -> strengthened behavior in dimensions

-earliest reinforcement by Thorndike -> phenomenon of effect

Question 9

operant behavior

Answer 9

strengthened through reinforcement and acts on environment to produce consequence and controlled by/occurs again as result of consequence (reinforcer)

Question 10

positive reinforcement

Answer 10

behavioral occurrence followed by stimulus (reinforcer) or INCREASE in intensity of stimulus -> strengthens behavior

Question 11

negative reinforcement

Answer 11

behavioral occurrence followed by REMOVAL of stimulus (adverse stimulus) or DECREASE in intensity -> strengthens behavior

Question 12

stimulus

Answer 12

event detected by one of the senses and can influence person from physical or social environment (behavior of person/others)

Question 13

positive reinforcer

Answer 13

in positive reinforcement, stimulus appearing after behavior (something PLEASANT that person tries to get)

Question 14

adverse stimulus

Answer 14

negative reinforcement -> stimulus removed/avoided after behavior (something UNPLEASANT)

Question 15

social reinforcement

Answer 15

when behavior produces reinforcement through actions of other person

Question 16

automatic reinforcement

Answer 16

when behavior produces reinforcing consequence by contact with physical environment

Question 17

Premack principle

Answer 17

type of positive reinforcement involving chance to engage in high-probability or desired behavior as consequence for low-probability or undesired behavior

Question 18

escape behavior

Answer 18

behavior occurrence results in termination in adverse stimulus that was present when behavior occurred

Question 19

avoidance behavior

Answer 19

occurrence of behavior prevents aversive stimulus from occurring with warning stimulus

Question 20

unconditioned reinforcer

Answer 20

stimulus that’s naturally reinforcing because the capacity for behavior to be strengthened by stimuli has survival value

-no prior conditioned needed to function as punisher

Question 21

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 21

stimulus that’s once neutral but established as a reinforcer by being paired with unconditioned reinforcer or established reinforcer

Question 22

token

Answer 22

neutral stimulus used as conditioned reinforcer to modify behavior in a token reinforcement program

Question 23

token reinforcement program

Answer 23

token presented after desired behavior and exchanged for other reinforcers (backup reinforcers)

Question 24

generalized conditioned reinforcer

Answer 24

conditioned reinforcer paired with various reinforcers

-effectiveness of reinforcer influenced by various factors, including immediacy and consistency of consequence, motivating operations, magnitude to reinforcement, and individual differences

Question 25

immediacy

Answer 25

time between behavior occurrence and consequences is important for consequence to be effective as a reinforcer, it should occur immediately after response (instance of behavior)

Question 26

contingency

Answer 26

when response produces consequence and consequence doesn't occur unless response occurs first (i.e., key -> ignition)

Question 27

motivating operations (MO)

Answer 27

stimulus or event that alters value of reinforcer or probability of behavior that produces reinforcer

Question 28

2 types of MO

Answer 28

1) establishing operation (EO) 2) abolishing operation (AO)

Question 29

establishing operation (EO)

Answer 29

makes reinforcer MORE potent (effective)

Question 30

abolishing operation (AO)

Answer 30

makes reinforcement LESS potent (i.e., full -> X food)

Question 31

deprivation

Answer 31

EO that increases effectiveness of unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers (i.e., food, attention and $ for those who don't have)

Question 32

satiation

Answer 32

person recently consumed a big amount of a reinforcer or had substantial exposure to a a reinforced stimulus -effect drains over time and reinforcer gets stronger

Question 33

individual differences

Answer 33

likelihood of condition being a reinforcer varies from person to person

Question 34

magnitude

Answer 34

characteristics of stimulus related to power as reinforcer

Question 35

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 35

specifies if all responses are followed by reinforcement or only some

Question 36

continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

Answer 36

EACH occurrence of response reinforced

Question 37

intermittent reinforcement schedule

Answer 37

each occurrence of response ISN'T reinforced, only OCCASIONALLY

Question 38

acquisition

Answer 38

person acquires new behavior w/ CRF

Question 39

maintenance

Answer 39

behavior maintained over time with use of INTERMITTENT reinforcement -more effective

Question 40

fixed ratio schedule (FR)

Answer 40

deliver of reinforcer is based on # of responses that occur -doesn't change, used in school or work

Question 41

variable ratio

Answer 41

delivery of reinforcer is based on number of responses that occur, but number of responses VARIES around an average number

Question 42

concurrent schedule of reinforcement

Answer 42

all schedules of reinforcement in effect for person's behavior AT ONCE -behavior concurrently available are concurrent operants

Question 43

response effort

Answer 43

amount of force or time involved in executing a response -increase in response effort -> low-probability, in contrast to functionally equivalent alternative behavior

Question 44

Concurrent schedule of reinforcement that shows engagement results in?

Answer 44

-more frequent reinforcement -greater magnitude -more immediacy -less response effect

Question 45

extinction

Answer 45

behavior previously reinforced that no longer results in reinforced consequences -> stops occurring in future

Question 46

extinction burst

Answer 46

once behavior isn't reinforced, it increases briefly in frequency, duration or intensity before it decreases and stops -novel behavior (don't typically occur) may occur briefly -emotional responses may occur

Question 47

spontaneous recovery

Answer 47

behavior may occur again even if it hasn't occurred for some time -if extinction is still in place, behavior won't continue for long

Question 48

procedural variations

Answer 48

behavior may under extinction regardless of it maintained by positive or negative reinforcement -if behavior is positively reinforced, extinction withholds consequence delivered after behavior -extinction of negative reinforcement involves eliminating escape or avoidance

Question 49

2 factors influencing extinction?

Answer 49

1) reinforced schedule before extinction -determines if extinction results in rapid/gradual decrease -when behavior is continuously reinforced, it decreases rapidly once reinforcer is terminated -when intermittently reinforced, its gradual, change from reinforcement to extinction is more discriminable when behavior is reinforced every time 2) occurrence of reinforcer after extinction

Question 50

Intermittent reinforcement before extinction produces?

Answer 50

resistance to extinction (behavior persists once extinction is implemented) -continuous reinforcement before extinction produces less resistance after an increase