quiz 4 - memory

Question 1

who was patient HM

Answer 1

candidate for surgery to cure seizures but developed anterograde amnesia afterwards

Question 2

what did we learn from patient HM

Answer 2

1. long term memory is distinct from short-term/working memory
2. medial temporal cortical region is involved in forming new memories and recalling recent past memories
3. hippocampus has specific involvement in forming conscious declarative memories

Question 3

what regions are involved in true vs false memory retrieval (revealed through BOLD signalling)

Answer 3

true - hippocampal/sensory cortices
false - frontal/parietal

Question 4

what are the medial temporal cortical structures & functions

Answer 4

1. amygdala = emotion
2. hippocampus = creating long term memory
3. perirhinal = experience of familiarity (w/out specific detail)
4. entorhinal = receives cortical information and sends it as a bundle to the hippocampus
5. retrospenial = spatial navigation/behavior

Question 5

what is long-term potentiation and how does it occur

Answer 5

results from high frequency stimulus that produces a protracted increase in synaptic efficacy, occurs only at specific synapses
depenedent on NMDA receptors

Question 6

who was patient RM and what were the implications of his issues

Answer 6

lesioned perirhinal and parahippocampus resulting in profound anterograde amnesia
loss of CA1 neurons, indirect lesioning of the hippocampus

Question 7

left ventrolateral PFC functions & TMS application result

Answer 7

working memory, cognitive control, language processing/semantic analysis
TMS = impaired LT memory for familiar words

Question 8

right ventrolateral PFC

Answer 8

episodic memory, motor inhibition, emotion regulation
TMS = faciliated LT memory for familiar words

Question 9

perirhinal vs hippocampus

Answer 9

peri = familiarity-based recognition (knowledge/facts)
hipp = econding/retrieval, recollection based recognition (episodic)

Question 10

“what” hippocampal pathway

Answer 10

unimodal assocation areas –> PRC (anterior PHC) –> EC –> hippocampal formation

Question 11

“where” hippocampal function

Answer 11

multimodal association areas –> posterior PHC –> EC –> hippocampal formation

Question 12

what supports the calim that the hippocampus is involved in long-term declarative memory

Answer 12

1. transient global amnesia results from ischemic attack in the CA1 region
2. Alzheimer’s disease pathology often first emerges in hippocampus, with initial anterograde amnesia followed by retrograde
3. patient HM had a large portion of his bilateral hippocampus removed