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quiz 5 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 5 types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve, and neurons

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2
Q

what is an example of epithelial tissue

A

top layer of skin

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3
Q

what is simple epithelial

A

single layer of cells in which every cell is in direct contact with the basement membrane that separates it from underlying connective tissue

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4
Q

what is stratified epithelial

A

made up of more than one layer of cells

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5
Q

squamous cells

A

a type of flat cell that is found throughout the body

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6
Q

cuboidal cells

A

cells that are cube like in structure meaning they are equally as tall as they are wide

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7
Q

columnar cells

A

cells that resemble a column meaning they are taller than they are wide

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8
Q

pseudostratified

A

made up of closely packed cells of different sizes making them appear in two layers but its just one layer

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9
Q

absorption

A

the epithelial lining of your internal organs such as your liver and lungs that allow the absorption of different substances

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10
Q

secretion

A

epithelial tissue in your glands that can secrete enzymes, hormones, and fluids

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11
Q

what makes up a nerve cell body

A

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and other organelles

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12
Q

what is the axon

A

transmits information away from the nucleus (long pole like structure)

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13
Q

what are dendrites

A

branching fibers on the outside of the cell body that receives information from other cells

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14
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

protective layer on the outside of the axon that increases the speed of the signal

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15
Q

what is the node of ravener

A

gaps between the muslin sheath that allows for the diffusion of ions

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16
Q

what is the telodendria

A

branched ends on the opposite side of the dendrites that establish the functional contact with other nerve cells

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17
Q

what is the synapse

A

small gap at the end of the neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next

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18
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body

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19
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells that are responsible for the maintenance of the bony matrix

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20
Q

chondrocytes

A

the cells responsible for cartilage formation

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21
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A

supports, protects, and holds bones, muscles, and other tissue organs in place

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22
Q

loose connective tissue

A

tissue that contains and attaches to organs

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23
Q

adipose tissue

A

serves as an energy storing reservoir, insulates the body from extreme temperatures, cushions vital organs, and secretes hormones

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24
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to bones that allows for movement

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25
smooth muscle
located in various internal structures including the uterus, digestive tract, and blood vessels
26
cardiac muscle
muscle specific to the heart
27
striated muscle tissue
highly organized tissue that converts chemical energy to physical work
28
voluntary muscle tissue
skeletal muscles that attach to bones and can be consciously activated to control movement
29
involuntary muscle tissue
smooth and cardiac muscle whose contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system
30
open circulatory system
blood is pumped from the heart into body cavities allowing blood to bathe the tissue and then return to the heart
31
closed circulatory system
there is a continuous system of vessels and is not pumped into body cavities (what humans have)
32
cardiovascular system
the system that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood that supplies the body with oxygen and nutrients so that your organs can do their jobs
33
artery
blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood away from your heart
34
arteriole
very small blood vessel that branches off of your artery that carries blood away from your artery and to your tissues and organs
35
capillary
the smallest type of blood vessel that connects an arteriole to a venule to form a network of of blood vessels in almost all parts of the body; the wall is thin and leaky and capillaries are involved in the exchange of fluids and gases between tissues and the blood
36
vein
a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from tissues and organs back to the heart
37
venule
small blood vessel that allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to larger blood vessels called veins
38
visceral pericardium
innermost layer of the pericardium that covers the heart and blood vessels arising directly from the heart
39
parietal pericardium
outermost layer of the pericardium that acts as mechanical protection for the heart and big blood vessels and is lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and other surrounding structures
40
artium
one of the two upper chambers in the heart that receives blood from the circulatory system
41
ventricle
one of the two lower chambers in the heart that receives blood from the atria and pump it to the rest of the body
42
systole
the phase of the heart beat when the muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries (comes first when measuring blood pressure)
43
diastole
occurs when the heart relaxes after the systole contraction (comes second when measuring blood pressure)
44
what is a normal blood pressure
120/80 mmHg
45
Atrioventricular valve (AV Valve)
connect the atrium to the ventricles and include the mitral and tricuspid valves
46
Tricuspid valve
separates the right atria and the right ventricle and allows deoxygenated blood to flow between them; has three flaps of tissue called cusps or leaflets and close tightly so that blood doesn't flow backwards
47
mitral (bicuspid) valve
separates the left atria and ventricle and opens and closes to ensure blood flows in the right direction at the right time; a valve that contains only two cusps instead of three
48
Aortic semilunar valve
final valve encountered by oxygenated blood as it leaves the heart it is between the left ventricle and the aorta to ensure that blood does not flow back into the left ventricle
49
Pulmonary semilunar valve
separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk
50
pulmonary artery
blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs
51
pulmonary vein
blood vessels that carry freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria
52
pulmonary circulatory system
vast network of arteries, veins, and lymphatics that function to exchange blood and other tissue fluids between the heart, lungs, and and back
53
systemic circulatory system
carries oxygenated blood through the left ventricle, arteries, capillaries, and to the tissues of the body
54
heart rate
frequency of the heart beat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute
55
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
56
Sino-atrial (SA) node
generates an electrical signal that causes the upper chambers (atrial) to contract; considered the pace maker
57
Atrioventricular (AV) node
after the SA node, a signal is passed to the AV node and causes the ventricles to contract or pump
58
Bundle of His
connects the AV node to the left and right branches
59
Purkinje fibers
specialized conducting fibers that send nerve impulses to the cells in the ventricles of the heart and cause them to pump blood
60
Capillary exchange
the simple or facilitated diffusion of small molecules in and out of capillaries
61
Kwashiorkor
due to a protein deficiency and can cause a swollen belly
62
Hemophilia
a condition in which blood doesn't clot properly
63
Sickle cell anemia
disease where red blood cells change shape into a crescent shape causing the blockage of blood flow and not enough red blood cells
64
atherosclerosis
built up fatty acids in blood vessels causing obstruction to blood flow; due to poor diet
65
hypertension
blood pressure above 140/120
66
coronary artery disease
plaque built up in major arteries that supply blood to the heart; can lead to a heart attack
67
cholesterol
a waxy fat-like substance found in the cells of your body; your body needs it to make hormones and digest foods
68
High density lipoproteins (HDL)
"good" cholesterol; can help lower your risk for heart attack or stroke
69
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
"bad" cholesterol; can lead to heart attack or stroke
70
plasma
carries platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells around the body
71
formed (cellular) elements
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
72
Erythrocytes
red blood cells; main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout the body
73
Erythroprotein
hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells
74
Leukocytes
white blood cells; main function is to protect the body against illness and disease
75
Basophil
type of white blood cell that functions mainly against allergens
76
Neutrophil
type of white blood cell that functions mainly against bacterial and fungal infections
77
Eosinophil
type of white blood cell that functions mainly against parasitic infections
78
Monocyte
type of white blood cell that finds and destroys germs; turn into macrophages when invading germs or bacteria enter the body
79
Macrophage
a type of white blood cell that kills microorganisms
80
lymphocyte
type of immune cell that is made in bone marrow (B and T cells)
81
T cell
sends signals to immune system and destroy pathogens
82
B cells
make antibodies to fight pathogens
83
Thrombocyte
Platelets; help form blood clots
84
Fibrin
fibrous protein that works with platelets to form blood clots
85
Thrombin
protein that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
86
plasma proteins
help maintain the osmotic pressure at about 25 mmHg
87
Albumin
helps keep fluid from leaking out of your blood vessels into other tissues
88
Fibrinogen
made in the liver and forms fibrin which helps blood clot
89
immunoglobulins
antibodies; protect against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
90
metabolic wastes
substances created during metabolism that are unusable by the body
91
respiratory gases
oxygen, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide
92
gas exchange
oxygen is exchanged for a waste gas called carbon dioxide
93
pharynx
hollow muscular tube in the neck that starts behind the nose and opens into the larynx and esophagus
94
epiglottis
protects ability to breathe by protecting your larynx
95
trachea
long, U shaped tube that connects your larynx to your lungs, often called the windpipe
96
bronchi
two large tubes that carry air from the trachea through the lungs and back out again
97
bronchioles
smaller airways that the bronchi break off into that carry air to the alveoli
98
alveolus
microscopic balloon shaped structures located at the end of the respiratory tree; expand and shrink based on inhaling or exhaling
99
lungs
pair of pink-grey organs in your chest
100
negative pressure breathing system
"vacuum" effect of sucking air in and out while breathing that creates a negative pressure
101
diaphragm
thin, dome shaped muscle that helps you inhale and exhale
102
intercostal muscles
groups of muscles in the rib area that help form and move the chest wall
103
partial pressure of gases
104mmHg
104
hemoglobin
protein contained in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to tissues
105
Bohr shift
oxygen dissociation curve shifts right

bio exam 3 (2 decks)

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