quiz 5 Flashcards
when jan helped her mother clean up after her baby brother, jan’s mother praised her daughter for being so thoughtful. For Jan, her mother’s praise is serving as a
positive reinforcer
negative reinforcement occurs when a response
leads to the removal of an unpleasant event
because you fed your dog table scraps while sitting at the kitchen table, your dog began to jump up and beg for scraps whenever you were eating dinner at the kitchen table. Lately, your dog has also begun to jump up and beg for scraps whenever you sit at any table or desk in the house. Your dog is exhibiting
operant stimulus generalization
food, water, pain reduction, sex, and brain stimulation have in common the fact that all are __________ reinforcers
primary
the schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made for each reward is called
fixed ratio
of the reinforcement schedules listed, which is the most resistant to extinction?
variable ratio (slot machines; how many times it pays out)
compared to learning through direct experience or verbal instruction, modeling involves learning by
watching others (modeling)
many skills, such as playing a musical instrument, cake decorating, or learning to bat a baseball, are learned by what Albert Bandura called
observational learning
typical tv viewers are exposed to massive doses of media violence, which tend to promote the development of aggression due to
observational learning
children tend to act as if parents give them the message, “Do as I do, not as I say.” This is because of the powerful effect of
modeling
in pavlov’s experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog’s tongue was the conditioned stimulus
false; because meat powder is unsalivatory
negative punishment is a type of punishment that decreases the behavior that it follows
TRUE
in bandura’s classic “bo-bo clown” doll experiment, most of the children imitated all the models whether live, filmed or cartoon
TRUE
negative reinforcement is a type of punishment that decreases the behavior it
false; negative
frequent spankings tend to decrease aggression and reduce problem behaviors.
FALSE
a few weeks after giving up on buying state lottery tickets, many people are tempted to try again, thus, illustrating the concept of
spontaneous recovery
you are training a rat to press a bar. instead of waiting for the rat’s first accidental bar press, you reinforce the rat with a food pellet for facing the bar and then turning toward the bar. next, you reinforce the rat every time he takes a step toward the bar, until he touches the bar. lastly, you reinforce the rat for pressing the bar. you are
shaping the rat’s behavior
a series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are called
successive approximations
skinner once placed some pigeons in skinner boxes and reinforced them with food randomly no matter what they were doing. despite the fact that there was no real connection between their behavior and its consequences, each pigeon acted as if there were with one bird flapping its left wing, another hopping on one foot, and a third turning in complete circles. skinner used which of the following terms to describe such behaviors that are repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement when really the behaviors are unnecessary?
superstitious behavior
while shopping with you, your niece begs for a toy and then has a temper tantrum in the store. if you buy her a toy, you are
encouraging more tantrums
unlocking the secrets of which type of learning begins with noting what happens before and after a behavior?
associative learning (what happens before and after)
a puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye. if we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times, you will soon blink to the horn alone. thus, blinking to the horn illustrates
classical conditioning
learning is best defined as
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience
in classical conditioning, learning is evident when a
stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response
