Quiz 5 Review

Question 1

Define Advocacy

Answer 1

Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy

Question 2

Define Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)

Answer 2

The care of patients using the best available research evidence to guide clinical decision making

Question 3

Evidence Based Medicine is the ____________, _________ and ____________ use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.

Answer 3

Conscientious; explicit; and judicious

Question 4

What are the 3 characteristics that make up the “Improved Patient Outcomes” Triangle?

Answer 4

I) Individual Clinical Experience
II) Best Available Clinical Evidence
III) Patient’s Values & Expectations

Question 5

The volume of EBM has _______ rapidly.

Answer 5

Grown

Question 6

In Evidence Based Medicine there are improvements in…

Answer 6

Research design, clinical measurements and methods

Question 7

EBM is not conducted in…

Answer 7

Ivory towers and armchairs

Question 8

How does one utilize EBM?

Answer 8

• Formulating a clinical question
• Finding the best available evidence
• Assessing the validity of the evidence
• Applying evidence in practice
• Evaluate performance

Question 9

How do you formulate a clinical question?

Answer 9

Utilize PICO Questions

Question 10

What is a PICO Question?

Answer 10

• Patient
• Intervention
• Comparison
• Outcome

Question 11

What are the different categories of Evidence?

Answer 11

I) Primary (original) research
II) Systematic reviews
III) Summaries and guidelines

Question 12

What is Primary (Original) Research?

Answer 12

• Randomized controlled trials
• Observational studies
• Diagnostic and prognostic studies

Question 13

What are Systematic Reviews?

Answer 13

• Meta-analyses

Question 14

Define Internal Validity

Answer 14

Are the results correct for the patients studied?

Question 15

Define External Validity

Answer 15

Do the results apply to patients outside of the study

Question 16

Define Study Design

Answer 16

How a study is set up

Question 17

Define Experimental Study

Answer 17

Double-blind, randomized controlled

Question 18

Define Cohort Study

Answer 18

Data collected over time and associations are made about predictor and outcome

Question 19

Define Case-Control

Answer 19

Associations made between predictor and outcome based on whether outcome is present or absent

Question 20

Define Cross-Sectional

Answer 20

Study group evaluated at one point in time to evaluate predictors and outcome

Question 21

Define Temporal Characteristics

Answer 21

Dates and times of a study

Question 22

Define Geographic Characteristics

Answer 22

Place of study (single or multicenter)

Question 23

Define Sampling Strategy

Answer 23

Random or consecutively

Question 24

Define Attrition

Answer 24

How many subjects dropped out of study

Question 25

Define Chance

Answer 25

Random error, inherent in all observations

Question 26

Define Power

Answer 26

Probability of finding a specific magnitude of association between predictor and outcome

Question 27

What is the ratio for Power?

Answer 27

> 0.8

Question 28

Define P-Value

Answer 28

Probability that the associations between predictor and outcome could occur by chance

Question 29

What is the ratio for P-Value?

Answer 29

< 0.05

Question 30

Define Confidence Interval

Answer 30

Range of values that are statistically compatible with estimate of the study result

Question 31

Define Bias

Answer 31

Systematic error that produces a misleading impression of the true effect

Question 32

Define Sensitivity

Answer 32

The proportion of patients with the disease who have a POSITIVE result

Question 33

Define Specificity

Answer 33

The proportion of patients without the disease who have a NEGATIVE result

Question 34

Define Intent-to-Treat

Answer 34

Groups are analyzed according to their original assignments

Question 35

Define Confounding Factors

Answer 35

Something that skews the outcome that is related to the predictor variable

Question 36

What does CASPA stand for?

Answer 36

Central Application Service for Physician Assistants (CASPA)

Question 37

When was CASPA developed and by who?

Answer 37

Developed by PAEA in 2001

Question 38

How much does a PA program must pay to join PAEA?

Answer 38

$3,800 per year

Question 39

PA programs must pay a one-time participation fee of...

Answer 39

$5,500

Question 40

How much does the first application CASPA cost?

Answer 40

$179 first program

Question 41

How much does each subsequent additional program cost to apply to on CASPA?

Answer 41

$52

Question 42

What are the benefits of using CASPA?

Answer 42

- Simplified admission process - One application that can go to any selected PA program - Verifies coursework and calculates GPAs

Question 43

T/F You should start your CASPA application early

Answer 43

True

Question 44

What must you need to have done 3 months or more prior to deadlines for CASPA?

Answer 44

- Begin application - Inform references and see if they agree - Fill out colleges attended and references section

Question 45

What must you need to have done 10 weeks or more prior to deadlines for CASPA?

Answer 45

- Request transcripts to be sent directly to CASPA | - Confirm references have received emails

Question 46

What must you need to have done 8 weeks or more prior to deadlines for CASPA?

Answer 46

- Fill out application using transcripts | - Check out CASPA for missing information

Question 47

What must you need to have done 4 weeks or more prior to deadlines for CASPA?

Answer 47

- Monitor application status and complete any missing information - Make sure letters of reference are in CASPA