Quiz! Flashcards
Do endotoxins have a local and specific effect?
Nope. Endotoxins have a general systemic effect. Includes fever, DIC, hemorrhage.
If a dog has mange, what is a likely secondary infection?
Mange can be caused by Demodex canis. A secondary staphylococcus infection can develop because it is opportunistic to the mange.
What can cause mange?
Demodex canis
What is pyoderma?
A pyogenic (pus causing) skin disease.
What causes “Greasy Pig Disease” in pigs?
Staphylococcus
What causes “Strangles” in animals?
Streptococcus
Is “Strangles” confined to horses?
No!
Why is Enterococcus uniquely difficult to treat?
Enterococcus causes diarrhea and is usually multi-drug resistant! (VRE = Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci)
What causes caseous lymphadenitis & pyelonephritis (aka kidney infection)?
Corynebacterium (pseudotuberculosis or renale group)
What causes endocarditis in dogs?
Erysipelothrix
What causes “Diamond Skin Disease” in pigs?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
An animal with head tilt may be suffering from what pathogen?
Listeria
How can Listeria present?
Listeria can present as a frank infection that includes diarrhea & then a minority of cases show neurological signs with head tilt, ears down, and eye half open.
What causes foal pneumonia with a case fatality rate as high as 50%?
Rhodococcus
What causes “limberneck” in birds?
Clostridial infections can be either histo-toxic or neuro-toxic. “Limberneck” occurs in birds that eat fish that have botulism toxin in them (neuro-toxic).
What causes “Lumpy Jaw” in cattle?
Actinomyces bovis
What is the pathogenesis of Actinomycosis?
Actinomycosis or “Lumpy Jaw” produces immovable hard swellings on the upper and lower jawbones of cattle, commonly at the central molar level. It is caused by Actinomyces bovis when the bacteria invades tissue through breaks in the lining of the mouth caused by eating rough forage. The tumor-like swellings develop slowly & may take several months to reach a noticeable size. The lumps consist of honeycombed masses of thin bone with yellow pus. If neglected, the swellings may become very large and in advanced cases, openings develop and discharge small amounts of sticky pus containing gritty yellow granules.
What causes “rain rot”?
Dermatophilus is associated with “rain scald,” “lumpy wool” & strawberry foot rot.
If a human is bitten by a cat, what is the most likely infection that can follow in the bit human?
Pasteurella multicoda
What is Pasteurella multicoda?
It is in the oral cavities of cats (& dogs) and can get passed onto (& into!) humans in the form of a bite; it causes wound infection. Pasteurella species are commonly isolated pathogens in most animal bites, especially in dog and cat-related injuries. Pasteurella multicoda often exists as a commensal in the upper respiratory tracts or many animals. In fact, they are some of the most prevalent commensal bacteria present in domestic and wild animals worldwide. Pasteurella multicoda infection in humans is often associated with an animal bite, scratch, or lick.
What is a causative bacterial agent of “Shipping Fever”?
Mannheimia haemolytica is part of the Pasteruellaceae Family.
What is “Shipping Fever”?
It is enzootic pneumonia of calves which refers to infectious respiratory disease. Enzootic pneumonia is primarily a problem in calves less than 6 months of age with peak occurence from 2-10 weeks of age, but can be seen in calves up to 1 year of age. “Shipping Fever” is more common in dairy than in beef calves and is a common problem in veal calves.
What is the pathogenesis of “Shipping Fever”?
It involves stress and possibly an initial respiratory viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract. Stress results from environmental and management factors, including adequate ventilation, continually adding calves to an established group, crowding, and nutritional factors such as poor-quality milk replacers. Partial or complete failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies is an important host factor related to the development of “Shipping Fever.” Any of several viruses may be involved, and a variety of bacteria may be recovered from affected calves. Mycoplasmal and bacterial agents including Pasteurella multicoda, Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis represent the most frequently isolated pathogenic organisms.
What causes atrophic rhinitis?
Pasteurella multicoda and Bordetella bronchiseptica
What is atrophic rhinitis?
It is a widespread and economically important swine disease. It is characterized by atrophy of the nasal turbinate bones, which results in a shortened and deformed snout in sever cases. Pasteurella multicoda toxin and Bordetella bronchiseptica “dermo-necrotic toxin” have been considered to independently or cooperatively disturb the osteogenesis of the turbinate bone by inhibiting osteoblastic differentiation &/or stimulating bone resorption by osteoclasts.
What is the causative agent of “Snuffles” in rabbits?
Pasteurella multicoda
What is “Snuffles”?
Snuffles is a general term describing a group of upper respiratory signs in rabbits. While there can be different causes, the most common and generally accepted cause is Pasteurella multicoda. There are several different strains of these gram-negative bacteria and depending on the strain that infects a particular rabbit, the signs can be either mild or severe. Some strains are commonly found in the nasal tract of rabbits, but may not cause infections unless the animal is stressed or has a suppressed immune system.
What are the signs of “Snuffles”?
They can be varied, but are usually associated with the upper respiratory tract. Many infected rabbits will initially develop a watery nasal discharge followed by sneezing and then a thick, whitish to yellowish nasal discharge. These infected rabbits will often make a loud snuffling or snoring sound due to the fluid and mucous in their nasal tracts. Because rabbits groom their faces with their front paws, infected rabbits will often have discharge and mats on the inside of their forepaws.
What can cause cystitis (bladder inflammation) in dogs?
Haemophilus
What is Haemophilus associated with?
Cystitis in dogs, and conjunctivitis & septicemia in dogs and cats.
A cow is found to have TEME, what is a likely bacterial cause?
Histophilus somni. On gross examination, areas of hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis secondary to vasculitis/thrombosis by Histophilus somni which reaches the brain via the blood can be seen on the brain.
What is TEME?
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
What is Histophilus associated with?
TEME, pneumonia, and septicemia.
What causes “kennel cough”?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
What is Bordetella bronchiseptica associated with?
Kennel cough and atrophic rhinitis (when in combination with Pasteurella multicoda
What causes pink eye in cattle?
Moraxella causes pink eye (keratoconjunctivitis) in cattle and also corneal ulcers.
Would Moraxella be likely to cause hematuria?
No! It is associated with pink eye. However, histo-toxic Clostridium is associated with “red water” (hemoglobinuria).
What species of animal would most likely be vaccinated for Moraxella?
Cattle! IgA is needed to kill Moraxella since it’s on the mucosa of the eye. We DO have a bacterin vaccine for Moraxella (seven-way clostridial vaccine).
What does Taylorella cause?
CEM (contagious equine metritis), which is a purulent endometritis.
What can cause discospondylitis (a form of osteomyelitis) in dogs?
Brucella canis
What is discospondylitis?
An infection in the intervertebral disc space and is a form of osteomyelitis.
What can Brucella canis cause?
Osteomyelitis (discospondylitis) in dogs; orchitis & abortion in Cattle.
How does Campylobacter fetus venerealis in cows most commonly manifest?
It manifests as extended estrus cycles, endometritis, and silent abortion.
In adding antibiotics to the pig feed to kill off the Brachyspira, what are you trying to prevent?
Dysentery. Brachyspira is responsible for 30% of pig dysentery cases and is controlled by antibiotics like Metrodinazole. The other 3rds of pig diarrhea are caused by Lawsonia & Enterobacteriaceae.
What causes diarrhea (dysentery) in pigs?
Brachyspira (30%), Lawsonia and Enterobacteriaceae
How is Leptospira spread?
Leptospira loves the water and is often spread by urine.
What causes moon blindness in horses?
Leptospira
What is another name for moon blindness?
Periodic uveitis
What is associated with foot rot in cattle?
Dichelobacter nodosus (gram negative anaerobe) and Dermatophilus (gram positive bacteria)
A cow has chronic diarrhea and wasting with corrugated cardboard ilietis at death. What is the most likely causative agent?
Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis. AKA Johne’s Disease.
If a cow tests positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, subspecies bovis, what is the diagnosis?
The cow has the equivalent of human tuberculosis.
Badgers, deer, and elk may serve as reservoirs for what bacteria?
Mycobacterium bovis (which is cattle tuberculosis and it is a zoonotic that can jump into humans).
A bacteria is found within granulocytes. What might be the culprit?
Ehrlichia ewingii
What bacteria invades neutrophils?
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
A bacteria is found within platelets. What might be the culprit?
Anaplasma platys
What type of cells does Ehrlichia canis infect?
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
What type of cells does Ehrlichia chaffeensis infect?
Monocytes
A bird is found with pasted vents, green diarrhea, and conjunctivitis. What might be causing this?
Chlamydophila psittaci; the diarrhea of birds infected with this is often green since the bacteria affects the liver.
Campylobacter fetus fetus causes frank abortion. What agent has a similar manifestation in sheep?
Chlamydophila abortus causes abortion in late pregnancy or ewes and is why pregnant women working with sheep are at an increased risk of abortion.
Chlamydophila felis is most associated with what ailment?
It is well-recognized worldwide as a cause of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and (rarely) pneumonia of domestic cats.
What is the name of the fungal agent that is an opportunistic pathogen, that can grow down the esophagus, but that is ordinarily found on the skin to be harmless?
Candidiasis; it gets its foothold at muco-cutaneous junctions.
What fungus is associated with nasal disease in dogs?
Aspergillosis
What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?
Microsporum canis
What is the fungal infection associated with subcutaneous mycoses?
Sporotrichosis
What is the most common systemic mycosis of cats?
Cryptococcosis often affects the nasal cavity of cats.
What systemic (deep) mycosis is an inhabitant of soil and wood, and is found especially where water levels fluctuate?
Blastomycosis
What systemic (deep) mycosis is a harbinger of human disease?
Blastomycosis
What systemic (deep) mycosis presents with ~80% of dogs having pulmonary infection?
Coccidioidomycosis
What systemic mycotic disease are you most likely to encounter out west in the desert?
Coccidioidomycosis
A sheep has a tilted head, what bacteria may explain it?
Listeria
Which mycotic infection is the most zoonotic?
Sporotrichosis
What tick born pathogens are you least likely to see on a blood smear?
Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia chaffeensis; because they both infect monocytes.
What is an opportunistic pathogen that is normally in the upper respiratory tract, alimentary, and genital mucosa?
Candidiasis
What fungus can cause gastric ulceration?
Candidiasis
Which fungus has thick walls, is multi-septate, and has no microconidia?
Microsporum canis
Which fungus is smooth, thin-walled, occurs in small numbers, and may have microconidia?
Trichophyton
How does “Derm-Duet” media work?
Derm-Duet has 2 sides to it: Rapid Sporulation Media (RSM) and Dermatophye Test Media (DTM). DTM will turn red within a few days when a dermatophytic fungus is present. The RSM side will induce the organisms to produce spores (macroconidia) which can be viewed microscopically for identification.
What are some examples of dermatophytes?
Microsporum canis and Trichophyton
What does the Cotton Blue stain allow you to see?
Visualization of fungus. With it, you can see septae and hyphae.
Which dermatophyte disease is caused by yeast?
Malassezia
What fungus causes chin acne of cats?
Malassezia
What is the fungus that is highly encapsulated?
Sporotrichosis
What fungus likes temperate, moist environments and is common in the southeast US?
Blastomycosis
What species of animals is infected more than the others with Blastomycosis?
Dogs
How does Blastomycosis get into the animal?
It is simply inhaled; it is highly invasive without any particular portal of entry except by it being inhaled.
What yeast has a broad base of budding?
Blastomyces
After Blastomyces get into the respiratory tract, what can happen?
It can go from the respiratory tract to become cutaneous lesions.
If you see a dog with Blastomycosis on the leg, where is it also?
It must also be in the lung!
What fungus likes hot and arid soils?
Coccidioidomycosis
How does an animal get Coccidioidomycosis?
By breathing in spores.
Coccidioidomycosis is also known as what?
Valley Fever
How does Coccidioidomycosis often present?
First, it may present as a flu. Then, it can develop into pneumonia. Look for big, fungal lesions in the lungs.
How infectious is Coccidioidomycosis?
It is extremely infection and all it takes is 1 spore! This is a feared thing!
How can you diagnose Coccidioidomycosis?
Look for sporangia!
Where is Histoplasmosis often found?
It is often found in temperate, wet climates (Mississippi & Ohio River watersheds)
What species is commonly infected by Histoplasmosis?
Dogs because they have their noses to the ground and inhale spores.
How does Histoplasmosis often present?
Pneumonia
In what form is Crypotoccosis always?
Yeast!
What does the budding year look like in Cryptococcosis?
Budding is NOT broad based; its tiny and narrow.
What tick born disease causes splenomegaly in birds?
Borrelia
What are the hallmarks of Staphylococcus infections?
Purulent lesions & abscesses, pus, thick cell walls of the Staph bacteria, and a strong antigen response. Think cutaneous abscesses, “greasy pig disease” and “bumble foot.”
What causes Greasy Pig and Bumble Foot?
Staphylococcus
Is Streptococcus more robust than Staphylococcus?
No! Strep is less robust than Staph. Strep is a bit more delicate than Staph and when you think about Strep, think about the mucocutaneous junctions; Strep may need closer contact to lead to infection.
What causes Strangles in horses?
Streptococcus equi equi
What is the disease pattern of Streptococcus?
Leads to septicemia and pneumonia.
Can you vaccinate horses against Strangles?
Yes!
Can you give a Strangles (Strep) vaccine before birth?
Yes! There is parenteral bacterin or subunit vaccine that can be given 4-6 weeks pre-partum; this immunity will then be transferred via colostrum.
Does Streptococcus just present as Strangles?
No! Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus has a larger host range and can effect pigs and calves.
What was Enterococcus previously?
It was previously considered a Lancefield Group D Streptococcus.
What is special about Enterococcus?
It is multi-drug resistant!
How can Enterococcus present in dogs and cats?
Can present as diarrhea OR as an ear infection (otitis) since a dog or cat may get feces on the paw and then scratch the ear.
How does Arcanobacterium causes disease?
It is more like Staphylococcus in that it is present on the skin and can cause disease. Look for pus, purulent lesions and suppurative (full of pus) lesions. Arcanobacterium cause mastitis, abortion, and opportunistic lesions.
Does Arcanobacterium have a particular disease pattern?
No, it just depends on where the bacteria spreads.
What can Bacillus cereus cause?
Food poisoning
How does Bacillus anthracis kill?
It emits hemotoxin, vascular permeability is increased, and the animal goes into hypotensive shock and dies rapidly.