Quiz! Flashcards
(289 cards)
1
Q
Do endotoxins have a local and specific effect?
A
Nope. Endotoxins have a general systemic effect. Includes fever, DIC, hemorrhage.
2
Q
If a dog has mange, what is a likely secondary infection?
A
Mange can be caused by Demodex canis. A secondary staphylococcus infection can develop because it is opportunistic to the mange.
3
Q
What can cause mange?
A
Demodex canis
4
Q
What is pyoderma?
A
A pyogenic (pus causing) skin disease.
5
Q
What causes “Greasy Pig Disease” in pigs?
A
Staphylococcus
6
Q
What causes “Strangles” in animals?
A
Streptococcus
7
Q
Is “Strangles” confined to horses?
A
No!
8
Q
Why is Enterococcus uniquely difficult to treat?
A
Enterococcus causes diarrhea and is usually multi-drug resistant! (VRE = Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci)
9
Q
What causes caseous lymphadenitis & pyelonephritis (aka kidney infection)?
A
Corynebacterium (pseudotuberculosis or renale group)
10
Q
What causes endocarditis in dogs?
A
Erysipelothrix
11
Q
What causes “Diamond Skin Disease” in pigs?
A
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
12
Q
An animal with head tilt may be suffering from what pathogen?
A
Listeria
13
Q
How can Listeria present?
A
Listeria can present as a frank infection that includes diarrhea & then a minority of cases show neurological signs with head tilt, ears down, and eye half open.
14
Q
What causes foal pneumonia with a case fatality rate as high as 50%?
A
Rhodococcus
15
Q
What causes “limberneck” in birds?
A
Clostridial infections can be either histo-toxic or neuro-toxic. “Limberneck” occurs in birds that eat fish that have botulism toxin in them (neuro-toxic).
16
Q
What causes “Lumpy Jaw” in cattle?
A
Actinomyces bovis
17
Q
What is the pathogenesis of Actinomycosis?
A
Actinomycosis or “Lumpy Jaw” produces immovable hard swellings on the upper and lower jawbones of cattle, commonly at the central molar level. It is caused by Actinomyces bovis when the bacteria invades tissue through breaks in the lining of the mouth caused by eating rough forage. The tumor-like swellings develop slowly & may take several months to reach a noticeable size. The lumps consist of honeycombed masses of thin bone with yellow pus. If neglected, the swellings may become very large and in advanced cases, openings develop and discharge small amounts of sticky pus containing gritty yellow granules.
18
Q
What causes “rain rot”?
A
Dermatophilus is associated with “rain scald,” “lumpy wool” & strawberry foot rot.
19
Q
If a human is bitten by a cat, what is the most likely infection that can follow in the bit human?
A
Pasteurella multicoda
20
Q
What is Pasteurella multicoda?
A
It is in the oral cavities of cats (& dogs) and can get passed onto (& into!) humans in the form of a bite; it causes wound infection. Pasteurella species are commonly isolated pathogens in most animal bites, especially in dog and cat-related injuries. Pasteurella multicoda often exists as a commensal in the upper respiratory tracts or many animals. In fact, they are some of the most prevalent commensal bacteria present in domestic and wild animals worldwide. Pasteurella multicoda infection in humans is often associated with an animal bite, scratch, or lick.
21
Q
What is a causative bacterial agent of “Shipping Fever”?
A
Mannheimia haemolytica is part of the Pasteruellaceae Family.
22
Q
What is “Shipping Fever”?
A
It is enzootic pneumonia of calves which refers to infectious respiratory disease. Enzootic pneumonia is primarily a problem in calves less than 6 months of age with peak occurence from 2-10 weeks of age, but can be seen in calves up to 1 year of age. “Shipping Fever” is more common in dairy than in beef calves and is a common problem in veal calves.
23
Q
What is the pathogenesis of “Shipping Fever”?
A
It involves stress and possibly an initial respiratory viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract. Stress results from environmental and management factors, including adequate ventilation, continually adding calves to an established group, crowding, and nutritional factors such as poor-quality milk replacers. Partial or complete failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies is an important host factor related to the development of “Shipping Fever.” Any of several viruses may be involved, and a variety of bacteria may be recovered from affected calves. Mycoplasmal and bacterial agents including Pasteurella multicoda, Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis represent the most frequently isolated pathogenic organisms.
24
Q
What causes atrophic rhinitis?
A
Pasteurella multicoda and Bordetella bronchiseptica
25
What is atrophic rhinitis?
It is a widespread and economically important swine disease. It is characterized by atrophy of the nasal turbinate bones, which results in a shortened and deformed snout in sever cases. Pasteurella multicoda toxin and Bordetella bronchiseptica "dermo-necrotic toxin" have been considered to independently or cooperatively disturb the osteogenesis of the turbinate bone by inhibiting osteoblastic differentiation &/or stimulating bone resorption by osteoclasts.
26
What is the causative agent of "Snuffles" in rabbits?
Pasteurella multicoda
27
What is "Snuffles"?
Snuffles is a general term describing a group of upper respiratory signs in rabbits. While there can be different causes, the most common and generally accepted cause is Pasteurella multicoda. There are several different strains of these gram-negative bacteria and depending on the strain that infects a particular rabbit, the signs can be either mild or severe. Some strains are commonly found in the nasal tract of rabbits, but may not cause infections unless the animal is stressed or has a suppressed immune system.
28
What are the signs of "Snuffles"?
They can be varied, but are usually associated with the upper respiratory tract. Many infected rabbits will initially develop a watery nasal discharge followed by sneezing and then a thick, whitish to yellowish nasal discharge. These infected rabbits will often make a loud snuffling or snoring sound due to the fluid and mucous in their nasal tracts. Because rabbits groom their faces with their front paws, infected rabbits will often have discharge and mats on the inside of their forepaws.
29
What can cause cystitis (bladder inflammation) in dogs?
Haemophilus
30
What is Haemophilus associated with?
Cystitis in dogs, and conjunctivitis & septicemia in dogs and cats.
31
A cow is found to have TEME, what is a likely bacterial cause?
Histophilus somni. On gross examination, areas of hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis secondary to vasculitis/thrombosis by Histophilus somni which reaches the brain via the blood can be seen on the brain.
32
What is TEME?
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
33
What is Histophilus associated with?
TEME, pneumonia, and septicemia.
34
What causes "kennel cough"?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
35
What is Bordetella bronchiseptica associated with?
Kennel cough and atrophic rhinitis (when in combination with Pasteurella multicoda
36
What causes pink eye in cattle?
Moraxella causes pink eye (keratoconjunctivitis) in cattle and also corneal ulcers.
37
Would Moraxella be likely to cause hematuria?
No! It is associated with pink eye. However, histo-toxic Clostridium is associated with "red water" (hemoglobinuria).
38
What species of animal would most likely be vaccinated for Moraxella?
Cattle! IgA is needed to kill Moraxella since it's on the mucosa of the eye. We DO have a bacterin vaccine for Moraxella (seven-way clostridial vaccine).
39
What does Taylorella cause?
CEM (contagious equine metritis), which is a purulent endometritis.
40
What can cause discospondylitis (a form of osteomyelitis) in dogs?
Brucella canis
41
What is discospondylitis?
An infection in the intervertebral disc space and is a form of osteomyelitis.
42
What can Brucella canis cause?
Osteomyelitis (discospondylitis) in dogs; orchitis & abortion in Cattle.
43
How does Campylobacter fetus venerealis in cows most commonly manifest?
It manifests as extended estrus cycles, endometritis, and silent abortion.
44
In adding antibiotics to the pig feed to kill off the Brachyspira, what are you trying to prevent?
Dysentery. Brachyspira is responsible for 30% of pig dysentery cases and is controlled by antibiotics like Metrodinazole. The other 3rds of pig diarrhea are caused by Lawsonia & Enterobacteriaceae.
45
What causes diarrhea (dysentery) in pigs?
Brachyspira (30%), Lawsonia and Enterobacteriaceae
46
How is Leptospira spread?
Leptospira loves the water and is often spread by urine.
47
What causes moon blindness in horses?
Leptospira
48
What is another name for moon blindness?
Periodic uveitis
49
What is associated with foot rot in cattle?
Dichelobacter nodosus (gram negative anaerobe) and Dermatophilus (gram positive bacteria)
50
A cow has chronic diarrhea and wasting with corrugated cardboard ilietis at death. What is the most likely causative agent?
Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis. AKA Johne's Disease.
51
If a cow tests positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, subspecies bovis, what is the diagnosis?
The cow has the equivalent of human tuberculosis.
52
Badgers, deer, and elk may serve as reservoirs for what bacteria?
Mycobacterium bovis (which is cattle tuberculosis and it is a zoonotic that can jump into humans).
53
A bacteria is found within granulocytes. What might be the culprit?
Ehrlichia ewingii
54
What bacteria invades neutrophils?
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
55
A bacteria is found within platelets. What might be the culprit?
Anaplasma platys
56
What type of cells does Ehrlichia canis infect?
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
57
What type of cells does Ehrlichia chaffeensis infect?
Monocytes
58
A bird is found with pasted vents, green diarrhea, and conjunctivitis. What might be causing this?
Chlamydophila psittaci; the diarrhea of birds infected with this is often green since the bacteria affects the liver.
59
Campylobacter fetus fetus causes frank abortion. What agent has a similar manifestation in sheep?
Chlamydophila abortus causes abortion in late pregnancy or ewes and is why pregnant women working with sheep are at an increased risk of abortion.
60
Chlamydophila felis is most associated with what ailment?
It is well-recognized worldwide as a cause of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and (rarely) pneumonia of domestic cats.
61
What is the name of the fungal agent that is an opportunistic pathogen, that can grow down the esophagus, but that is ordinarily found on the skin to be harmless?
Candidiasis; it gets its foothold at muco-cutaneous junctions.
62
What fungus is associated with nasal disease in dogs?
Aspergillosis
63
What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?
Microsporum canis
64
What is the fungal infection associated with subcutaneous mycoses?
Sporotrichosis
65
What is the most common systemic mycosis of cats?
Cryptococcosis often affects the nasal cavity of cats.
66
What systemic (deep) mycosis is an inhabitant of soil and wood, and is found especially where water levels fluctuate?
Blastomycosis
67
What systemic (deep) mycosis is a harbinger of human disease?
Blastomycosis
68
What systemic (deep) mycosis presents with ~80% of dogs having pulmonary infection?
Coccidioidomycosis
69
What systemic mycotic disease are you most likely to encounter out west in the desert?
Coccidioidomycosis
70
A sheep has a tilted head, what bacteria may explain it?
Listeria
71
Which mycotic infection is the most zoonotic?
Sporotrichosis
72
What tick born pathogens are you least likely to see on a blood smear?
Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia chaffeensis; because they both infect monocytes.
73
What is an opportunistic pathogen that is normally in the upper respiratory tract, alimentary, and genital mucosa?
Candidiasis
74
What fungus can cause gastric ulceration?
Candidiasis
75
Which fungus has thick walls, is multi-septate, and has no microconidia?
Microsporum canis
76
Which fungus is smooth, thin-walled, occurs in small numbers, and may have microconidia?
Trichophyton
77
How does "Derm-Duet" media work?
Derm-Duet has 2 sides to it: Rapid Sporulation Media (RSM) and Dermatophye Test Media (DTM). DTM will turn red within a few days when a dermatophytic fungus is present. The RSM side will induce the organisms to produce spores (macroconidia) which can be viewed microscopically for identification.
78
What are some examples of dermatophytes?
Microsporum canis and Trichophyton
79
What does the Cotton Blue stain allow you to see?
Visualization of fungus. With it, you can see septae and hyphae.
80
Which dermatophyte disease is caused by yeast?
Malassezia
81
What fungus causes chin acne of cats?
Malassezia
82
What is the fungus that is highly encapsulated?
Sporotrichosis
83
What fungus likes temperate, moist environments and is common in the southeast US?
Blastomycosis
84
What species of animals is infected more than the others with Blastomycosis?
Dogs
85
How does Blastomycosis get into the animal?
It is simply inhaled; it is highly invasive without any particular portal of entry except by it being inhaled.
86
What yeast has a broad base of budding?
Blastomyces
87
After Blastomyces get into the respiratory tract, what can happen?
It can go from the respiratory tract to become cutaneous lesions.
88
If you see a dog with Blastomycosis on the leg, where is it also?
It must also be in the lung!
89
What fungus likes hot and arid soils?
Coccidioidomycosis
90
How does an animal get Coccidioidomycosis?
By breathing in spores.
91
Coccidioidomycosis is also known as what?
Valley Fever
92
How does Coccidioidomycosis often present?
First, it may present as a flu. Then, it can develop into pneumonia. Look for big, fungal lesions in the lungs.
93
How infectious is Coccidioidomycosis?
It is extremely infection and all it takes is 1 spore! This is a feared thing!
94
How can you diagnose Coccidioidomycosis?
Look for sporangia!
95
Where is Histoplasmosis often found?
It is often found in temperate, wet climates (Mississippi & Ohio River watersheds)
96
What species is commonly infected by Histoplasmosis?
Dogs because they have their noses to the ground and inhale spores.
97
How does Histoplasmosis often present?
Pneumonia
98
In what form is Crypotoccosis always?
Yeast!
99
What does the budding year look like in Cryptococcosis?
Budding is NOT broad based; its tiny and narrow.
100
What tick born disease causes splenomegaly in birds?
Borrelia
101
What are the hallmarks of Staphylococcus infections?
Purulent lesions & abscesses, pus, thick cell walls of the Staph bacteria, and a strong antigen response. Think cutaneous abscesses, "greasy pig disease" and "bumble foot."
102
What causes Greasy Pig and Bumble Foot?
Staphylococcus
103
Is Streptococcus more robust than Staphylococcus?
No! Strep is less robust than Staph. Strep is a bit more delicate than Staph and when you think about Strep, think about the mucocutaneous junctions; Strep may need closer contact to lead to infection.
104
What causes Strangles in horses?
Streptococcus equi equi
105
What is the disease pattern of Streptococcus?
Leads to septicemia and pneumonia.
106
Can you vaccinate horses against Strangles?
Yes!
107
Can you give a Strangles (Strep) vaccine before birth?
Yes! There is parenteral bacterin or subunit vaccine that can be given 4-6 weeks pre-partum; this immunity will then be transferred via colostrum.
108
Does Streptococcus just present as Strangles?
No! Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus has a larger host range and can effect pigs and calves.
109
What was Enterococcus previously?
It was previously considered a Lancefield Group D Streptococcus.
110
What is special about Enterococcus?
It is multi-drug resistant!
111
How can Enterococcus present in dogs and cats?
Can present as diarrhea OR as an ear infection (otitis) since a dog or cat may get feces on the paw and then scratch the ear.
112
How does Arcanobacterium causes disease?
It is more like Staphylococcus in that it is present on the skin and can cause disease. Look for pus, purulent lesions and suppurative (full of pus) lesions. Arcanobacterium cause mastitis, abortion, and opportunistic lesions.
113
Does Arcanobacterium have a particular disease pattern?
No, it just depends on where the bacteria spreads.
114
What can Bacillus cereus cause?
Food poisoning
115
How does Bacillus anthracis kill?
It emits hemotoxin, vascular permeability is increased, and the animal goes into hypotensive shock and dies rapidly.
116
What species of animal is most affected by Bacillus anthracis?
Cattle via the GI, since they pull up grass and ingest soil in the process.
117
Can you vaccinate for anthrax?
Yes, with Sterne (attenuated live).
118
Where might petechial hemorrhages be found in a cow dead with Anthrax?
On the heart, on the spleen, and lots of places!
119
What is the historical note to the anthrax saga?
There are anthrax spores that can be found to this day along the cattle trails of the 1800s.
120
What 2 Corynebacterium must you know for the exam?
C. pseudotuberculosis and C. renale
121
What does Corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis cause?
Caseous lymphadenitis
122
What does Corynebacterium renale group cause?
Urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis. This is why good sanitation in the milking parlor is important!
123
How does Corynebacterium renale group cause pyelonephritis?
Infection begins in the urinary tract, works its way up to the bladder (cystitis) and can then go further up to the kidneys to cause a kidney infection (pyelonephritis).
124
What causes pigeon breast?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
125
The skin of fish may contain what Gram (+) bacteria that we've studied?
Erysipelothrix is present on fish skin and can infect people who handle fish, especially if they have tiny cuts on their hands.
126
How does Erysipelothrix present in pigs?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes diamond skin disease in pigs. This is simply the gross manifestation of DIC in the small vessels of the skin.
127
How can Erysipelothrix present in cats and dogs?
Erysipelothrix can cause endocarditis in dogs and cats.
128
Can you vaccinate for Erysipelothrix?
Yes, with either a bacterin or attenuated vaccine; do it semi-annually or before farrowing.
129
Does Listeria cause neurological signs or GI signs?
It can cause BOTH! The GI signs are usually mild and written off as something else, while the notorious and very serious signs tend to be neurological.
130
How can Listeria present?
Late-term abortion due to neo-tropism during gestation.
131
Is there a danger of zoonotic transmission with Listeria?
Yes! Listeria can contaminate cold cuts and meats since it is a cold LOVING thing and people love Subway sandwiches.
132
What is the greater risk to a foal: Streptococcus or Rhodococcus?
Rhodococcus! Foal pneumonia can have a fatality rate as high as 50%.
133
Where does Rhodococcus come from?
It is a soil loving thing that doesn't intend to get into a horse. It gets breathed in and it is why dust control is important when it comes to foal pneumonia.
134
How did we learn so much about Rhodococcus?
Due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
135
Can adult horses get Rhodococcus?
Yes, but most adult horses have some level of titer to Rhodococcus and it is seldom deadly.
136
How do Clostridial organisms breathe?
Clostridium does NOT breathe! They are strict anaerobes and as old as the hills.
137
What is the source of infection of Clostridium?
Endospores!!
138
How can Clostridium infections present?
Histo-toxic or neuro-toxic.
139
How does a histo-toxic Clostridium infection occur?
Clostridium gains access to the animal either through ingestion of endospores (C. difficile) or via inoculation of a wound (C. perfringens).
140
What can Clostridium perfringens cause?
Gas gangrene
141
What kind of animal can get a Clostridium infection?
ANY kind of animal!
142
What dictates what kind of disease Clostridium causes?
It all depends on where the endospores end up in Clostridium.
143
What vaccine is available for Clostridium?
There is the annual 7-way bacterin of 6 species plus the toxoid of Clostridium perfringens.
144
What is the difference between tetanus toxin and botulism toxin?
Tetanus toxin causes spastic action, while botulism toxin causes flaccid paralysis. Botulism toxin is pre-formed while Tetanus toxin is NOT pre-formed!
145
If an animal ingests pre-formed toxin (such as botulism) or the endospores of tetanus, what determines the result?
The result depends on how many toxins the animal ingested, or how many endospores the animal was exposed to and the body mass of the animals. Botulism toxin is pre-formed while Tetanus toxin is NOT.
146
Is there a vaccine for tetanus?
Yes and horses should be vaccinated!
147
Where does Actinomyces usually live?
Actinomyces is normal flora of the mouth.
148
What causes lumpy jaw?
Actinomyces
149
How can Actinomyces cause wound infection?
An animal has Actinomyces in its oral cavity normally, it gets a grass awn in its foot, it licks the foot, and Actinomyces is transferred into the wound.
150
Where does Dermatophilus usually live?
It is a soil dwelling organism.
151
How does an animal get a Dermatophilus infection and how does it present?
Dermatophilus gets its foothold on an animal via wet conditions (horse left with no shelter from rain). It can also cause problems of the feet. Infections can present as lumpy wool, rain scald, and foot problems.
152
What is unique about Gram (-) v. Gram (+) bacteria?
Gram (+) have a thick outer wall. Gram (-) have a separate outer membrane and do not depend so much on the cell wall. This outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also know as endotoxin (not very antigenic).
153
What is the difference between endotoxins and enterotoxins?
Enterotoxins target the luminal surface of the gut and allows water to flow out. Endotoxins are another name for Gram (-) LPS.
154
Do all Escherichia coli secrete enterotoxins?
No, some actually attach to the cell surface of the gut themselves and cause disease.
155
What is edema disease (endothelial toxemia)?
Escherichia coli colonize and proliferate in the small intestine; entertotoxins are produced that damage the small arteries and arterioles. Degenerative angiopathy leads to increased vascular permeability and accumulation of edema at various sites, most notably the colon, stomach, small intestine, eyelids, and brain. Damage to vessels in the brain can cause malacia (softening of tissue) in the brain stem and basal ganglia.
156
Can Escherichia coli cause diarrhea in the upper or lower GI tract?
Either, if there is hemorrhaging, it is most dangerous since frank blood means other things in the intestines can be gaining access to systemic circulation.
157
Is there a good vaccine against Escherichia coli?
No, it is very hard to produce vaccines for endotoxins (since they're just not that antigenic), but whoever figures it out will win the Nobel Prize.
158
Does Salmonella cause just diarrhea?
No, also causes pneumonia, abortion, and arthritis.
159
What is PADA?
Pneumonia, abortion, diarrhea, arthritis.
160
Other than diarrhea, what can Yersinia cause?
Yersinia psuedotuberculosis subspecies pestis causes plague, but not diarrhea. Plague presents as petechial hemorrhage, pulmonary DIC, and hemorrhage.
161
What does Shigella cause?
Dysentery in primates
162
How does Pasteurella multicoda get into a person from a cat (or dog)?
Bites!
163
What is the causative agent of Shipping Fever?
Mannheimia
164
Is Shipping Fever often just one thing?
No, it is often many things together, both viral and bacterial.
165
What causes atrophic rhinitis?
Pasteurella and Bordetella together.
166
What causes Snuffles in rabbits?
Pasteurella
167
What causes avian cholera?
Pasteurella
168
Is there a vaccine available for Pasteurella?
There are bacterins available.
169
What causes wooden tongue?
Actinobacillus
170
What causes foal pneumonia?
Rhodococcus and Actinobacillus
171
Can Actinobacillus cause wound infections like Actinomyces?
Yes!
172
How does wooden tongue form?
From abrasions on the tongue.
173
Is there a vaccine for Actinobacillus?
Yes, there is a 4-way vaccine with Erysipelothrix, Pasteurella, and Bordetella.
174
Where is Haemophilus in a healthy animal?
The upper respiratory tract normally, but can escape!
175
What does Haemophilus cause?
Conjunctivitis and cystitis in cats and dogs. Pneumonia, serositis, meningitis, and Glasser's disease in pigs (PSMG).
176
What is the most common presentation of Haemophilus?
Conjunctivitis (watery eyes) in cats and Glasser's Disease in pigs.
177
Is there a vaccine for Haemophilus?
There is a bacterin vaccine for breeding flocks of birds to protect them from Haemophilus.
178
What is the Histophilus species worth knowing for the exam?
Histophilus somni, which is ordinarily found in the respiratory tract, but then gets out. (Think TEME!)
179
Is Histophilus, once it gets to the TEME stage, recoverable?
Not really, once you see XS salivation and the cow is down, it's heading towards death.
180
Is there a vaccine for Histophilus?
There is a Histophilus bacterin for pre-weaning calves and feedlot cattle.
181
How does a dog or cat get kennel cough?
Direct contact or aerosols.
182
Is kennel cough often an isolated thing?
No, like shipping fever, kennel cough is often a long list of things together, which can include Bordetella.
183
What can Bordetella do to the trachea?
Flatten out the trachea
184
Is there a vaccine for Bordetella?
There are non-core vaccines available, and are especially recommended for traveling animals.
185
How is Francisella transmitted?
It is a tick born disease and it can be very severe, with endotoxemia, inflammation, etc.
186
Is there a zoonotic risk with Francisella?
Yes! Francisella is also called Rabbit Fever.
187
Is Francisella linked to geography?
Yesh, due to the ticks! Think Ozarks.
188
Does Francisella affect birds?
No, just rabbits and other mammals.
189
How is Moraxella transmitted?
Fly bites; it is in the fly saliva and then the fly bites and Moraxella colonizes the eye area and causes pink eye in cattle.
190
Is there a vaccine for Moraxella?
There is, but you need enough IgA produces to opsonize Moraxella.
191
Where is Pseudomonas found?
Pseudomonas is a common environmental thing; think of moist places.
192
Is Pseudomonas easy to treat?
No, it is a nightmare to treat since it's so antibiotic resistant (like Enterococcus).
193
How does Pseudomonas get into an animal?
Pseudomonas can gain entry and inoculate anywhere and anything. It has a specific odor and it's green.
194
Is Burkholderia mallei found in the US?
No, but it can still be found in other places in the world.
195
Is Burkholderia psuedomallei found in the US?
May be encountered in zoos, but if you see it, report it to the state vet office (think of the iguana and the FBI).
196
What is Glanders?
It is a lot like Strangles, only it is caused by Burkholderia mallei and is multi-organ and multi-systemic.
197
What does Taylorella cause?
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM), or purulent metritis.
198
Is Taylorella a foreign disease?
It is alleged to be foreign which is why the US uses quarantine-based testing; however, the entertainment clause allows horses into the US without testing, so Taylorella is likely endemic in the US.
199
What type of animal can get Brucella?
Any type of animal!
200
What does Brucella cause?
Orchitis, abortion, osteomyelitis, and infertility.
201
Why is Brucella a hot button issue?
Ranchers think the national parks are a reservoir for Brucella, which can affect their cattle (and cause disease in their cattle which is a great economic loss!).
202
Is there a vaccine for Brucella?
Yes, developed here at UF (RB51). It is 3/4th effective at protecting against Brucella.
203
Is there a zoonotic potential for Brucella?
Yes, Brucella melitensis has a broader host range and cattle ranchers can get it.
204
What can cause uveitis, orchitis, spinal ataxia, and abortion in dogs, boars, cattle, and sheep?
Brucella. Brucella canis may be greater zoonotic problem than we know.
205
How does Campylobacter jejuni present?
Gastro-enteritis (like Salmonella).
206
What species does Campylobacter fetus venerealis most often infect?
Cattle
207
Can Campylobacter jejuni cause human disease?
Yes! Causes human diarrhea cases.
208
What Campylobacter messes up artificial insemination (AI) programs?
Campylobacter fetus venerealis causes extended estrus cycles as well as silent abortions, as well as messing up AI.
209
Is there a vaccine for Campylobacter?
Yes, it's with the Leptospira vaccine.
210
What does Brachyspira cause?
Responsible for 1/3 of all pig diarrhea.
211
What does Lawsonia cause?
Responsible for 1/3 of all pig diarrhea and it is seldom identified definitively outside the pig industry since it's the pig industry that has an economic incentive to figure out what's killing its pigs.
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What causes wet tail?
Lawsonia
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What is wet tail?
Hemorrhage enteritis with rectal prolapse.
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What will you see in pig intestines with Lawsonia infection?
Fibrin Tags
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Is there a vaccine for Lawsonia?
Yes, an attenuated live vaccine.
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Are Helicobacter normally present in an animal?
Yes, assumed to be present in the oral cavity and gut of animals.
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What does Helicobacter cause?
Gastritis
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How is Borrelia transmitted?
Tick born disease
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What does Borrelia cause?
Lyme disease, lymphadenopathy, arthritis and splenomegaly in birds. Avian spirochetosis.
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What is often the first sign of Borrelia?
Headache and photophobia, though it is hard to tell if a dog has a headache.
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Is there a vaccine for Borrelia?
There is a non-core vaccine for dogs with high risk of exposure.
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What does Leptospira love (where is it found)?
Water! Found in nature and the GI tract; contamination is often via the fecal oral route and once an animal gets Leptospira, septicemia follows and then Leptospira is shed in the infected animal's urine.
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What does Leptospira cause?
Septicemia, renal disease, rat catcher's yellows, and moon blindness (periodic uveitis) in horses.
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What can Leptospira do to the urine?
Hemoglobinuria
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Is there a vaccine for Leptospira?
Yes, a bacterin in combination with Erysipelothrix.
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Do Bacteriodes, Dichelobacter, and Fusobacterium need oxygen?
No, they are anaerobic.
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How do the anaerobes gain access to animals?
Wound infection and often from feces.
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How do the anaerobes present as far as disease?
They cause podo- and inter-digital dermatitis since the hoof has low amounts of oxygen. The anaerobes have slow metabolisms so they are slow, festering wounds.
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What is unique about Mycobacterium?
Thick, greasy outer walls that make it hard for host defenses to defeat them.
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What causes Johnes Disease?
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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What causes tuberculosis in cows?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis subspecies bovis. This is classic TB and requires quarantine and is zoonotic.
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How do the lesions of Mycobacterium present?
Cutaneous and are usually slowly developing and can spread extensively. Do not stain with H&E.
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In tuberculosis infections, will the lesions be just cutaneous?
No, lesions will also be inside the animal such as in the lungs, spleen, and lymph nodes. Since the animal's immune system will fight off infection, the Mycobacterium will wall itself off, the infection will wax and wane, depending on the immune system. Cows with TB are culled.
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How does Johnes Disease present?
Ileitis that presents with diarrhea and emaciation. Often a long-term disease. Don't cull cows with Johnes Disease because almost all of them get it.
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How do you test for TB v Johnes?
Comparative Cervical Test; jab for TB and jab for Johnes and then get out the calipers.
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Where does Norcadia usually live?
In the soil.
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How does Norcadia usually present?
Abscesses and effusions. Is found in dogs that are kept chained up in the dirt with collars that are too small (imbedded).
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Are Mycoplasmas gram (+) or gram (-)?
Neither! Think of them as little water balloons that depend on the life-style of the host.
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What kind of animal can get Mycoplasma?
Any kind of animal!
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How can Mycoplasma infection present?
Conjunctivitis, mastitis, pneumonia, air sacculitis, and arthritis.
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What happens if Mycoplasma ever colonize RBCs?
This leads to anemia. Mycoplasma can be confused with Anaplasma marginale.
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Can Mycoplasma cause pneumonia?
Yes, Walking pneumonia and pleuropneumonia (eradicated in the US).
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Can Mycoplasma cause joint issues?
Yes, blood in the joints.
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What can Mycoplasma cause in birds?
Arthritis and air sacculitis.
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Why are Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia chaffeensis hard to diagnosis?
Because they live in monocytes and those are scarcely circulating cells.
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Where are Ehrlichia canis and chaffeensis most commonly diagnosed?
Southern US
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What are the 3 phases of Ehrlichia canis infection?
Acute, subclinical, and chronic phases; noted thrombocytopenia.
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What does Ehrlichia ewingii infect?
Granulocytes
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With what drug is Ehrlichia canis best treated?
Doxycycline
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Where are Anaplasma phagocytophilum found?
In neutrophils; they can be seen as morula on blood smears or in the buffy coat.
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Can Anaplasma phagocytophilum cause joint issues?
Yes!
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What does Anaplasma platys infect?
Platelets.
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What causes Potomac Horse Fever?
Neorickettsia risticii; the vector is a fluke.
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Does Chlamydia have a strict or broad host range?
Strict! We do, though, worry about zoonotic transmission, especially with Chlamydophila psittaci.
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Why do Chlamydia look like little dots of green?
Because you're seeing reticulate bodies (vegetative; RB) and elementary bodies (infectious; EB). Chlamydia cycle between EBs & RBs.
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How does Chlamydophila psittaci present in birds?
Avian hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.
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How does Chlamydophila felis often present in cats?
Conjunctivitis, rhinitis and (rarely) pneumonia. Acute, chronic, or recurrent conjunctivitis is the most common. Does not normally progress to pneumonia, but keeps to the upper respiratory tract.
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What can Chlamydophila felis be confused with because of the common symptom of conjunctivitis?
Haemophilus or Mycoplasma infection.
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What causes enzootic ovine abortion?
Chlamydophila abortus; also called Enzootic Abortions of Ewes (EAE); doesn't just affect Ewes. This can cause abortion storms when 1 fetus is aborted, then other sheep go sniff the dead lamb and then it gets transmitted. This is why pregnant women working with sheep have an increased risk of abortion.
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What Chlamydophila is causing a big outbreak in koalas?
Chlamydophila pecorum
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Is there zoonotic potential for Chlamydophila?
Yes, for C. psittaci and abortus there is a known potential while there has been reported zoonotic potential for felis.
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Most opportunistic mycoses are attributed to what?
Candida (little pills) and Aspergillus (dandelions).
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How does Candida infection present in canine/feline species?
It is infrequent; exfoliative dermatitis of the muzzle, inguinal area, scrotum, and feet with seborrhea, pruritis, and alopecia. Underlying FIV, FeLV, or FePLV in cats can predispose.
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How does Candida infection present in porcine/avian species?
Mycotic alimentitis = thrush.
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What fungus can lead to scarring of the esophagus?
Candidiasis
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What 3 species, in particular, can be effected by Aspergillosis?
Dogs (noses), horses (guttural pouch), and birds (contaminated litter).
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What is the most common dermatophyte of domesticated animals?
Microsporum canis.
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How does Microsporum canis transmit?
Animal to animal.
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Do Microsporum canis or Trichophyton have microconidia?
Trichophyton! Microsporum canis has thick walls and a prickly surface.
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Is Malassezia a yeast or mold or both?
Yeast!
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What causes chin acne of cats?
Malassezia, a yeast.
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What does Sporotrichosis infect and how does it get into the animal?
Deeper layers of skin. It gets into the animal via puncture or bite wounds and disseminates.
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Sporothrichosis is highly encapsulated. True or false?
True!
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What sort of weather does Blastomycosis like?
Wet weather, but also temperate. It is common in the Southeast US.
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How does Blastomycosis gain access to an animal?
Inhaled; often by dogs.
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Does Blastomycosis stay in the respiratory tract?
No! Starts there and then spreads and causes cutaneous lesions.
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What distinguishes Microsporum canis from Blastomycosis?
Blastomycosis starts in the lungs and then becomes cutaneous lesions. Microsporum canis is only ever a cutaneous infection (dermatophyte).
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What is a broad based budding yeast?
Blastomycosis
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Will topical drugs alone cure Blastomycosis infection?
No! If you find cutaneous Blastomycosis, remember it got there via the lung; therefore, systemic drugs are needed to treat Blastomycosis.
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What causes Valley Fever?
Coccidioidomycosis; it likes hot and arid soils.
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How does Coccidioidomycosis usually present in dogs?
Lung infection
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What is the infectious does of Coccidioidomycosis?
1 spore! Use a BSC!
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Sporangia are from what fungus?
Coccidioidomycosis
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Does Histoplasmosis like wet weather or dry?
Wet, especially Mississippi & Ohio watersheds
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How does Histoplasmosis often present?
Pneumonia
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Do Histoplasmosis & Blastomycosis look similar in tissue?
No, they look different. Blastomycosis has broad-based budding while Histoplasmosis invades macrophages.
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Is Cryptococcosis always a yeast?
Yes!
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Where does Cryptococcosis like to infect?
Nasal cavities of cats
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Does Cryptococcosis have a broad or narrow budding base?
Narrow
