Quiz Flashcards by Kathy Tran

The threshold for the detection of odors is ___ and adaptation to odors occurs ____.

A)high, quickly

B)high, slowly

C)low, quickly

D)low, slowly

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The axons of the olfactory neurons pass through the foramina of the _____ to synapse with mitral or tufted cells in the ____.

A)cribiform plate, olfactory tract

B)cribiform plate, olfactory bulb

C)nasal bone, olfactory tract

D)nasal bone, olfactory bulb

B)cribiform plate, olfactory bulb

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Which cells proliferate to replace lost olfactory cells?

A)basal cells

B)mitral cells

C)olfactory hairs

D)tufted cells

Feedback: Correct Answer

A)basal cells

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Which of the following is NOT true of olfactory neurons?

A)The axons of the olfactory neurons combine to form the olfactory nerves.

B)The olfactory neurons synapse with cells in the olfactory bulb.

C)Olfactory neurons have receptors that react with odorants dissolved in fluid.

D)Olfactory neurons are uni-polar neurons.

Feedback: Correct Answer

Olfactory neurons are uni-polar neurons

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Which region of the olfactory cortex is involved in conscious perception of smell?

A)intermediate olfactory area

B)lateral olfactory area

C)medial olfactory area

D)superior olfactory area

lateral olfactory area

The olfactory cortex is in the frontal lobe within the lateral fissure of the cerebrum. It is divided into three areas, the intermediate, lateral, and medial olfactory areas

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Which region of the olfactory cortex is connected to the limbic system?

A)intermediate olfactory area

B)lateral olfactory area

C)medial olfactory area

The medial olfactory area is connected to the limbic system, and thus is responsible for visceral and emotional reactions to odors.

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Which region of the olfactory cortex aids in modifying sensory information in the olfactory bulb?

A)intermediate olfactory area

B)lateral olfactory area

C)medial olfactory area

D)superior olfactory area

medial olfactory area

The intermediate olfactory area projects axons along the olfactory tract back to the olfactory bulb and thus modulate activity in the olfactory bulb.medial olfactory area

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Where within the nasal cavity is the olfactory epithelium located?

A)anterior and lateral portion of the nasal cavity

B)posterior and lateral portion of the nasal cavity

C)inferior portion of the nasal cavity

D)superior portion of the nasal cavity

superior portion of the nasal cavity

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Which type of papillae have no taste buds associated with them?

A)circumvallate

B)filiform

C)foliate

There are more filiform papillae then the other types of papillae, however they do not have taste buds.

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Which type of papillae have the most sensitive taste buds associated with them?

A)circumvallate

B)filiform

C)foliate

D)fungiform

Feedback: Foliate papillae are most numerous in children and decrease with age.

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How many primary tastes have been identified?

A)4

B)5

C)7

D)400

Feedback: Correct Answer

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Which of the following cranial nerves does not transmit taste sensation?

A)Trigeminal (V) nerve

B)Facial (VII) nerve

C)Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve

D)Vagus (X) nerve

Trigeminal (V) nerve

The majority of taste sensation is transmitted via the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. The vagus nerve transmits some taste sensation from the epiglottis. The trigeminal nerve does not transmit taste sensation, however it does transmit tactile sensation from the tongue.

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Identify the location of the taste area of the cortex.

A)precentral gyrus

B)postcentral gyrus

C)thalamus

D)temporal lobe.

postcentral gyrus

Feedback: The nerves carrying taste sensation enter into the medulla oblongata where they decussate and extend to the thalamus. From the thalamus the neurons project to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

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Which of the following primary tastes do not cause depolarization of the gustatory through a G protein mechanism?

A)bitter

B)sweet

C)salty

D)umami

Feedback: The salt sensation is a result of the opening of sodium channels and thus the diffusion of sodium into the cell, resulting in depolarization.

C)salty

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Which of the following primary tastes do not require a substance to bind to a receptor on the gustatory hairs of taste cells?

A)salty

B)bitter

C)sweet

D)umami

Feedback: Correct Answer

A)salty

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Which of the following describe the relationship between olfaction and gustation?

A)Gustatory hairs can also detect odorants.

B)Olfactory hairs can also detect tastants.

C)Olfactory sensations provide information about a substance that may be thought of as taste.

D)There is no relationship between the olfactory and gustatory senses.

Olfactory sensations provide information about a substance that may be thought of as tas

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Which taste sensation is the most sensitive?

A)bitter

B)salty

C)sweet

D)umami

A)bitter

the bitter sensation has the lowest threshold or is the most sensitive. This low sensitivity may be protective in nature as many poisonous substances are bitter.

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Which muscle closes the eyelid when it contracts?

A)inferior rectus

B)levator palpebrae superioris

C)orbicularis oculi

D)superior oblique

orbicularis oculi

Two skeletal muscles control the eyelid: the levator palpebare superious which elevates the lid and the orbicularis oculi which closes the lid.

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Two skeletal muscles control the eyelid: the levator palpebare superious which elevates the lid and the orbicularis oculi which closes the lid.

levator palpebrae superioris

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Which of these extrinsic eye muscles is NOT controlled by the oculomotor nerve?

A)inferior oblique

B)inferior rectus

C)medial rectus

D)superior oblique

Feedback: The superior oblique muscle is innervated by the trochlear (IV) nerve.

superior oblique

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Which of these extrinsic eye muscles is controlled by the trochlear nerve?

A)inferior rectus

B)medial rectus

C)superior oblique

D)superior rectus

C)superior oblique

The superior oblique muscle is innervated by the trochlear (IV) nerve. The inferior rectus, the medial rectus, and the superior rectus are all innervated by the occulomotor (III) nerve.

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Identify the three layers of the eye in from the outer most layer to the inner most layer.

A)fibrous tunic, nervous tunic, vascular tunic

B)fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, nervous tunic

C)nervous tunic, fibrous tunic, vascular tunic

D)vascular tunic, fibrous tunic, nervous tunic

Feedback: Correct Answer

B)fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, nervous tunic

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What eye layer is referred to in the quote “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes”?

A)conjunctiva

B)choroid

C)retina

D)sclera

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The transparent anterior portion of the outer eye coat, which allows light rays to enter the interior of the eye is the

A)conjunctiva

B)cornea

C)iris

D)sclera

The cornea is an avascular transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.

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The colored (blue, brown, green) portion of the eye, as seen in an anterior view, is which of the following? A)choroid B)ciliary body C)cornea D)iris

D)iris The iris (colored part of the eye) is a contractile structure that regulates the amount of light that enters through the pupil.

The watery fluid we call "tears" is secreted by A)ceruminous glands B)eccrine glands C)lacrimal glands D)tarsal gland

lacrimal glands

Aqueous humor is secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; it flows out of the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber where it is reabsorbed at a ring-like blood vessel called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A)ciliary process; canal of Schlemm B)ciliary process; eustachian tube C)iris; canal of Schlemm D)iris; eustachian tube Feedback: Aqueous humor fills the anterior compartment of the eye to help maintain intraocular pressure.

A)ciliary process; canal of Schlemm Aqueous humor fills the anterior compartment of the eye to help maintain intraocular pressure.

When intraocular pressure increases because aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is produced, __________ occurs, which can lead to blindness. A)astigmatism B)cataract C)emmetropia D)glaucoma

D)glaucoma

All of the following are part of the middle "vascular" tunic of the eye EXCEPT A)choroid B)ciliary body C)iris D)cornea

cornea

A sty is an inflammation of what type of gland associated with follicles of the eyelashes? A)ciliary gland B)meibomian gland C)sebaceous gland D)tarsal gland

ciliary gland Ciliary glands are modified sweat glands that lubricate the eyelashes.

fter washing across the eyes, "tears" enter the nasal cavity through which of the following? A)canals of Schlemm B)collecting ducts C)eustachian tubes D)nasolacrimal ducts

nasolacrimal ductsFeedback: Naso is in reference to nose, lacrimal is in reference to the lacrimal glands which produce tears.

All of the following are intrinsic eye muscles EXCEPT the A)ciliary muscles B)dilator pupillae C)sphincter pupillae D)

superior oblique Feedback: The superior oblique is an extrinsic eye muscle. Extrinsic eye muscles move the eyeball. The sphincter pupillae of the iris contracts the pupil.

From superficial to deep, the three main cell layers of the sensory retina are A)photoreceptors - bipolar cells - ganglion cells B)ganglion cells - bipolar cells - photoreceptors. C)bipolar cells - ganglion cells - photoreceptors D)photoreceptors - ganglion cells - bipolar cells

photoreceptors - bipolar cells - ganglion cells Feedback: The rods and cones are photoreceptors. They synapse with the bipolar cells which then synapse with ganglion cells. The ganglion cells converge at the optic disc and exit the eye as the optic (II) nerve.

Clouding of the lens occurs in which of these eye disorders? A)cataract B)glaucoma C)strabismus D)trachoma

cataract A cataract results when there is a build up of protein which leads to a clouding of the lens.

Which of the following is NOT true about the cornea? A)It is the main place at which refraction of light occurs. B)It is transparent. C)It is nourished by the vitreous humor. D)It is avascular.

)It is nourished by the vitreous humor. Feedback: The cornea is nourished by the aqueous humor.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the retina? A)ganglion cells B)photoreceptors C)optic chiasma D)optic disc

optic chiasma Feedback: The retina consists of three layers of cells: the photoreceptors, the bipolar cells, and the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells unite at the optic disc.

Which of the following statements about the lens is NOT true? A)It is biconvex. B)It is attached to the retina by suspensory ligaments. C)It helps to focus light on the retina. D)It is covered by a highly elastic, transparent capsule.

It is attached to the retina by suspensory ligaments. Feedback: The suspensory ligaments attach the lens to the ciliary body and thus hold the lens in place.

At which of the following locations do blood vessels and nerves enter or exit the eye? A)fovea centralis B)optic chiasma C)optic disc D)ora serrata

C)optic disc Feedback: The optic disc is where the nerve fibers of the retina meet as well as where blood vessels enter and exit the eye.

All of the following are correctly paired EXCEPT A)canal of Schlemm - aqueous humor B)ciliary body - iris C)retina - suspensory ligaments D)vitreous humor - posterior compartment

)retina - suspensory ligaments The suspensory ligaments attach the lens to the ciliary body and thus hold the lens in place.

Contraction of which of the following muscles is involved with changing the shape (thickening) of the lens? A)ciliary muscles B)circular muscles of the iris C)orbicularis oculi D)radial muscles of the iris .

)ciliary muscles Feedback: The ciliary muscles, part of the ciliary body, functions in lens accommodation

If the ciliary muscles contract, the suspensory ligaments __________ and the lens \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A)pull; flattens B)relax; flattens C)pull; thickens D)relax; thickens

relax; thickens Feedback: Accommodation for near vision requires contraction of the ciliary muscles. The contraction reduces the tension on the suspensory ligaments and the lens assumes a more rounded shape, thus promoting greater refraction of light.

hat happens when the ciliary muscles relax? A)The suspensory ligaments pull and the lens flattens. B)The suspensory ligaments relax and the lens flattens. C)The suspensory ligaments pull and the lens thickens. D)The suspensory ligaments relax and the lens thickens. Feedback: Correct Answer

e suspensory ligaments pull and the lens flattens.

Which layer of the eye contains the photoreceptor cells? A)choroid B)ciliary body C)retina D)sclera

C)retina

Which of the following is commonly called the "blind spot" of the eye because it lacks photoreceptor cells? A)canal of Schlemm B)fovea centralis C)optic disc D)pupil

C)optic disc

An eye that is too long, or "oval," results in poor distance vision, a disorder called nearsightedness or A)astigmatism. B)hyperopia. C)myopia. D)presbyopia. Feedback: Correct Answer

C)myopia.

When light strikes, the visual pigment rhodopsin is activated, which then activates _____ thus resulting in the ____ of the rod cells. A)opsin, depolarization B)opsin, hyperpolarization C)transducin, depolarization D)transducin, hyperpolarization

A)opsin, depolarization

Which of the following is NOT true about cones compared to rods? A)Cones produce color images rods do not. B)Cones contain the substance rhodopsin. C)Cones are less sensitive to light. D)Cones produce sharp, clear images. Feedback: Rods contain rhodopsin, while cones contain iodopsin.

B)Cones contain the substance rhodopsin. Feedback: Rods contain rhodopsin, while cones contain iodopsin.

Which of the following is NOT true about rods compared to cones? A)Rods produce black and white but not color images. B)Rods are most numerous in the fovea. C)Rods contain rhodopsin. D)Rods produce general outlines of objects rather than sharp images.

Rods are most numerous in the fovea FB Rods are not present in the fovea and cones are numerous in the fovea.

Which of the following is the location in the retina at which the sharpest images are produced? A)fovea centralis B)optic chiasm C)optic disc D)ora serrata

fovea centralis The fovea centralis is a depression in the middle of the macula. The cones are highly concentrated in this area. There are no rods located in the fovea.

Image formation depends on refraction, the bending of light. At which location does the greatest amount of refraction occur? A)aqueous humor B)cornea C)lens D)vitreous humor

Refraction occurs as light passes from air to a denser substance. The greatest contrast in media density is between the air and the cornea, thus this allows for the greatest amount of refraction.

Which of the following is the main factor affecting the depth of focus? A)accommodation of the lens B)constriction of the pupil C)convergence of the eyes D)refraction of light rays Feedback: Correct Answer

constriction of the pupil

The only retinal cells that produce action potentials are the A)bipolar cells. B)ganglion cells. C)photoreceptor cells. D)

B)B)ganglion cells.Light activates rhodopsin, within the rods thus activating the G protein transducin. Once transducin is activated, sodium channels are blocked resulting in hyperpolarization of the rod cell. The rod cells secrete less glutamate thus resulting in the slight depolarization of the bipolar cells and the bipolar cells release neurotrasmitters that stimulate the ganglionic cells to generate action potentials.

In the dark the inward diffusion of __________ causes rod cells to partially depolarize and to release the neurotransmitter __________ from their synaptic ends to inhibit or stimulate rod cells. A)K+; acetylcholine B)K+; glutamate C)Na+; acetylcholine D)Na+; glutamate

D)Na+; glutamateFeedback: In the dark, rhodopsin is inactive, as is the attached G protein transducin. Inactive transducin allows for sodium channels to be open thus sodium diffuses into the rod cells depolarizing them. The rod cells secrete glutamate which inhibits the bipolar cells. This is unusual, because most cells depolarize upon being stimulated, not due to the lack of stimulation as with rod cells.

When rhodopsin absorbs a photon of light, __________ is converted to __________ and dissociates from opsin which triggers reactions leading to the closure of __________ channels in the outer segments of rod cells. A)cis-retinal; trans-retinal; K+ B)cis-retinal;trans-retinal; Na+ C)trans-retinal; cis-retinal; K+ D)trans-retinal; cis-retinal; Na+

cis-retinal;trans-retinal; Na+ Feedback: As the rod cells absorb light, the opsin changes shape from cis-retinal to trans-retinal and then activates transducin. Active transducin promotes the closure of the sodium channels which will cause the rod cell to hyperpolarize and decrease secretion of glutamate.

Which of the following pairs of structures are involved in regulating the amount of light that enters the eyes? A)ciliary bodies and suspensory ligaments B)ciliary bodies and eyelids C)ciliary bodies and irises D)iris and eyelids

iris and eyelids

Photoreceptors in the human eye are capable of detecting and responding to wavelengths in which of the following ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum? A)0 – 125nm B)400 – 700nm C)20 – 20,000nm D)1,000 – 10,000nm

400 – 700nm

All of the following are important in bringing an image to focus on the retina when viewing an object close to the eye EXCEPT A)accommodation of the lenses B)constriction of the pupils C)flattening of the lenses D)convergence of the eyes

flattening of the lenses The lens remains fairly flat when focusing on objects in the distance, however the lens is more spherical when focusing on a near object.

Axons of which of the following type of cells exit the eye in the optic nerve? A)rods B)bipolar C)ganglion D)cones

C)ganglion

As you view your right index finger moving toward the tip of your nose, all of the following occur EXCEPT A)the lenses thicken B)ciliary muscles relax C)the eyes rotate medially D)the diameter of the pupils decreases

ciliary muscles relax Feedback: Accommodation for near vision requires contraction of the ciliary muscles. The contraction reduces the tension on the suspensory ligaments and the lens thickens, thus promoting greater refraction of light.

Which of the following is a possible explanation for a person losing all vision in their left eye? A)damage to the left occipital lobe B)damage to the left lateral geniculate nucleus C)damage to the left optic nerve D)a lesion in the left optic tract Feedback: Correct Answer

damage to the left optic nerve

Identify the labeled structure in the diagram. A)aqueous humor B)choroid coat C)retina D)vitreous humor

The retina is the innermost layer of the eye. That retina contains both pigment as well as the photoreceptors.

Identify the labeled structure in the diagram. A)optic chiasm B)optic nerve C)optic tract D)retina

)optic tract The retina consists of three layers of cells: the photoreceptors, the bipolar cells, and the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells unite at the optic disc and exit the eye via the optic (II) nerve.

Identify the labeled structure in the diagram. A)conjunctiva B)cornea C)pupil D)lens

)cornea

Identify the labeled structure in the diagram. A)choroid coat B)ciliary body C)suspensory ligaments D)pupil

The ciliary body contains smooth muscles that can change the shape of the lens.

Identify the labeled structure in the diagram. A)conjunctiva B)retina C)sclera D)vitreous humor Feedback: Correct Answer

sclera

Which of the following is the passageway between the middle ear and the pharynx? A)eustachian tube B)external auditory meatus C)oval window D)semi-circular canals

eustachian tube The eustachian tube (also called the auditory tube) allows for the equilibration of pressure between the outside air and the middle ear cavity.

Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane? A)anvil B)incas C)malleus D)stapes

malleus

Which auditory ossicle causes the oval window to move in and out, setting fluid in the inner ear in motion? A)incas B)malleus C)stapes D)stapedius

stapes

What fluid is located between the bony and membranous labyrinths within the inner ear? A)aqueous humor B)endolymph C)perilymph D)vitreous humor

perilymph Perilymph, which is similar to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), fills the space between the membranous and bony labyrinth.

The receptor cells for hearing are located on the upper surface of what membrane? A)basilar membrane B)tectorial membrane C)tympanic membrane D)vestibular membrane

basilar membrane

Which of the following is located within the vestibule of the ear? A)crista ampullaris B)helicotrema C)macula D)organ of Corti

macula

Fluid in the scala vestibuli communicates with fluid in the scala tympani by way of the A)canal of Schlemm B)eustachian tube C)helicotrema D)round window

helicotrema Feedback: The cochlea, involved in hearing, has two chambers: the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. These two chambers are connected via the helicotrema.

All of the following are part of the cochlea EXCEPT A)cochlear duct B)scala tympani C)scala vestibuli D)utricle Feedback: Correct Answer

utricle

The name for one of the structures involved in detecting a change in the position of the head with respect to gravity or static equilibrium is A)ampulla. B)crista ampullaris. C)helicotrema. D)macula.

macula.

Each ampulla of a semicircular canal contains a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is involved in sensing movement of the head or dynamic equilibrium. A)crista ampullaris B)helicotrema C)macula D)organ of Corti

crista ampullaris

The receptor cells for hearing, hair cells, are located within the A)macula B)organ of Corti C)utricle D)vestibule

organ of Corti

Otoliths are crystals of __________ associated with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A)calcium carbonate; crista ampullaris B)calcium carbonate; macula C)calcium phosphate; crista ampullaris D)calcium phosphate; macula

calcium carbonate; macula : Otoliths within the macula move in response to gravity and stimulate hair cells.

Which of the following would NOT be part of the nerve pathway involved in conducting sensory impulses to the auditory cortex? A)medulla oblongata B)midbrain C)spinal cord D)thalamus

spinal cord

The sensation of hearing occurs when sensory impulses from the ears are transmitted to the auditory cortex in the __________ lobe from the __________ nerve.A)occipital; trochlearB)occipital ; vestibulocochlearC)temporal; trochlearD)temporal; vestibulocochlearFeedback: Correct Answer

temporal; vestibulocochlear

What is the name of the short tube that conveys sound waves to the tympanic membrane? A)external auditory meatus B)auditory tube C)canal of Schlemm D)eustachian tube

external auditory meatus The external auditory meatus transmits sound waves collected by the pinna to the tympanic membrane (eardrum).

Movement of the _______ membrane causes hair cell microvilli to bend back and forth. A)basilar B)tectorial C)tympanic D)vestibular

)basilar

Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result is some loss of A)hearing and balance B)hearing and taste C)smell D)taste

hearing and balance

Identify the correct order in which vibrations travel through the auditory ossicles. A)incus, malleus, stapes B)stapes, malleus, incus C)malleus, incus, stapes D)stapes, incus, malleus

malleus, incus, stapes

Identify the primary function of the structure labeled in the diagram. A)hearing B)movement of the head C)position of the head D)vision

hearing This is the cochlea of the inner ear. The cochlea is involved in hearing.

movement of the head Feedback: This is the Semicircular canals of the inner ear. The three semi-circular canals are involved in balance, primarily detecting movements of the head. The arrangement of the three semi-circular canals allows one to detect movements in all directions.

position of the head Feedback: This is the vestibule of the inner ear. The vestibule is involved in balance, primarily in evaluating the position of the head in relationship to gravity.