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toxin, distinguishing/major CS, tx

1
Q

What is the toxin(s) in cycads?

A

Cycasin (glycoside) + BMAA (neurotoxin)

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2
Q

What part(s) of cycads are toxic? Most toxic?

A

All parts are toxic - seeds most toxic

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3
Q

2 examples of cycads

A

Sago Palm

Coontie/arrowroot

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4
Q

What clinical signs are common with cycad poisoning? Is this an acute or chronic toxicity?

A

Vomiting, GI hemorrhage, liver failure, seizures

Acute toxicity

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5
Q

What are some specific treatments for cycad toxicity?

A

Aggressive decontamination
Vitamin K
Anti-seizure medications
Intestinal protectants

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6
Q

What toxin(s) is found in Crotalaria and Senecio species?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Crotalaria or rattle box also also monocrotaline (alkaloid)

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7
Q

What parts of Crotalaria and Senecio are toxic? Most toxic?

A

All parts are toxic - seeds most toxic

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8
Q

What is the MOA for pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

They inhibit division of hepatocytes and block hematopoiesis

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9
Q

What clinical signs are seen with pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity? Is this an acute or chronic toxicity?

A

Liver failure, anemia, weight loss, colic

Chronic toxicity

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10
Q

What are the 4 hallmarks of PA toxicosis on liver histology?

A

Hepatocytomegaly
Hepatic necrosis
Bile duct hyperplasia
Fibrosis

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11
Q

What species are primarily affected by cycads?

A

Dogs, cats, ruminants

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12
Q

What species are primarily affected by PAs?

A

Cattle, horses, pigs, deer

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13
Q

What are some specific treatments for PA toxicity?

A

Vitamin K, poor px

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14
Q

What is the toxin in Lantana? It’s MOA?

A

Lantadene (triterpenoid) - inhibits ATP transporters in bile ducts

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15
Q

When is Lantana most toxic? Why? Which part is most toxic?

A

Most toxic after flowering due to immature berries - red berries most toxic?

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16
Q

What species are primarily affected by Lantana?

A

Cattle, sheep, goats, horses - small animals tend to avoid

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17
Q

What clinical signs are seen with Lantadene toxicity?

A

GI signs, constipation, secondary photosensitization, big head in sheep

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18
Q

What necropsy finding is common with Lantadene toxicity?

A

Swollen, green liver due to bile

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19
Q

What supportive care is done for livestock with Lantadene toxicity?

A

Keep them in a dark stall out of sunlight until lesions are healed

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20
Q

What is the toxin(s) in Bracken Fern? MOA(s)?

A

Ptaquiloside - carcinogen, myelosuppression

Thiaminase - thiamine deficiency (horses/monogastrics only)

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21
Q

What species are primarily affected by Bracken Fern toxicity?

A

Cattle, ruminants, horses

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22
Q

What clinical signs are seen in RUMINANTS with Bracken Fern toxicity? Is this an acute or chronic toxicity?

A

Enzootic hematuria, myelosuppression, acute hemorrhagic disease
Chronic toxicity with acute presentation***

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23
Q

What clinical signs are seen in HORSES with Bracken Fern toxicity?

A

Generalized weakness and unthriftiness

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24
Q

What specific treatments are recommended in animals with Bracken Fern toxicity?

A

Antibiotics
Blood transfusions
Protamine sulfate
Thiamine B1

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25
When/what part of Bracken Fern is most toxic?
Younger plants and rhizomes most toxic | Toxic fresh or dried
26
What is the toxin(s) in Allium spp.? MOA(s)?
N-propyl disulfide + alkyl-cysteine sulfoxide - oxidative stress
27
What part of allium spp. are toxic?
All parts
28
What species are primarily affected by Allium spp. toxicity?
Cattle, dogs, cats
29
What clinical signs are commonly seen with Allium spp. toxicity?
Heinz body hemolytic anemia and accompanying signs
30
What are two other DDx for allium toxicity?
Zinc and acetaminophen toxicity
31
What specific treatments are recommended in animals with allium toxicity?
Fluids with HCO3 N-acetyl cysteine Blood transfusion
32
What is the likely toxin in red maple? MOA?
Gallic acid, but unknown - hemolytic anemia
33
What part of red maple are most toxic and when?
Leaves are most toxic, when dried/wilted
34
What species is primarily affected by red maple toxicity?
Horses
35
What clinical signs are commonly seen with red maple toxicity?
Heinz body hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuric nephrosis
36
What specific treatments are recommended in horses with red maple toxicity?
Blood transfusions Ascorbic acid Antioxidants
37
What is the toxin(s) in white sweet clover? How is it produced? MOA?
Dicoumarol - converted from coumarol by fusarium spp. fungi - blocks vitamin K epoxide reductase
38
What species are primarily affected by white sweet clover toxicity?
Cattle - younger > adults
39
What clinical signs are commonly seen with white sweet clover toxicity? Is this an acute or chronic toxicity?
Delayed "sweet clover bleeding disease" | Chronic toxicity with acute presentation***
40
What specific treatments are recommended in animals with white sweet clover toxicity?
Whole blood | Vitamin K
41
When is corn toxic and what is the toxic principle?
When its moldy - fusarium spp. produces fumonisin = toxic principle
42
What is the toxin in ABPEE? How it is produced?
3-methylindole - produced from excess L-tryptophan
43
What is the toxin in sweet potatoes? How is it produced?
4-ipomeanol - produced from potatoes by fusarium spp. fungi
44
What species are primarily affected by moldy sweet potato toxicity?
Cattle, but all can be affected
45
What is the primary result of moldy sweet potato toxicity?
Acute interstitial edema
46
What is the toxin in perilla mint? What does this toxin cause?
Perilla ketone | Acute interstitial edema
47
What parts of perilla mint plants are toxic? Most toxic?
All parts, especially flowers (late summer/fall) | Fresh > dry
48
What species are affected by perilla mint?
Primarily cattle, but all
49
What are 4 DDx for acute interstitial edema?
Movement to lush pasture quickly (3-MI), moldy sweet potatoes (4-IP), perilla mint, moldy corn (fumonisin)
50
Treatment for ABPEE vs perilla mint
ABPEE - NSAIDs, furosemide, corticosteroids may be helpful | Perilla - no effective treatment
51
5 examples of nitrate accumulators
``` Johnson grass Lamb's quarters Dock Pigweed Ragweed ```
52
What is the toxin in nitrate accumulators? MOA?
Nitrite (from nitrate) - oxidizes to methemoglobinemia
53
What species are most sensitive to nitrate accumulators?
Ruminants
54
What specific treatments are indicated from nitrate accumulator toxicity?
Methylene blue | Ascorbic acid for horses
55
3 examples of cyanogenic plants
Black cherry Elderberry Heavenly bamboo *all have berries*
56
What are the toxic parts of cyanogenic plants? Most toxic?
Seeds > leaves | Leaves most toxic when wilted
57
What is the toxin(s) in cyanogenic plants? MOA?
Cyanogenic glycosides - binds + inhibits cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria
58
What species are most susceptible to cyanogenic plants? What about heavenly bamboo?
Ruminants | Birds for heavenly bamboo
59
What is the principle clinical sign of cyanide toxicity? Why do we see this?
Cherry red blood d/t superoxygenation (can't utilize oxygen)
60
What specific treatments are indicated for cyanide toxicity and how do they work?
Sodium nitrite to convert Hb to metHb = high affinity for CN | Sodium thiosulfate to increase formation of thiocyanate for excretion
61
What are the toxic parts of lilies?
ALL, even the water they are in
62
What species is classic for Lily toxicity?
Cats
63
What is the toxin(s) in lilies?
Unknown
64
What is the typical progression of clinical signs of lily toxicosis?
GI signs (1-3 hr), polyuria (12-20 hr), anuria (24-48 hr), death (3-7 d)
65
What bloodwork and UA findings are commonly seen?
Increased BUN, creatinine, potassium, phosphorous | Renal casts, proteinuria, glucosuria
66
What is the treatment of choice for lily toxicosis?
Early fluid diuresis, hemodialysis is only option for anuric phase
67
What are the three toxins in pigweed?
Nitrogen accumulator Oxalates Unknown renal toxin
68
What are the most consistent lesions seen with pigweed toxicosis?
Perirenal edema and degeneration of medullary structures
69
What species is most commonly affected by pigweed? Other species? Prognosis?
Pigs (also cattle + sheep), good px - only 10% mortality
70
What finding differentiates pigweed from oak toxicity?
Degeneration of medullary structures
71
3 examples of oxalate containing plants
Rhubarb Deiffenbachia dumb cane Poke weed
72
What do oxalate containing plants primarily cause?
Functional hypocalcemia and tubular necrosis due to insoluble calcium oxalate crystals
73
What are the primary lesions seen with consumption of oxalate containing plants?
Swollen kidneys Microscopic hemorrhage Calcium oxalate crystals
74
What 3 toxins are found in poke weed?
Oxalates Saponins Lectins
75
What specific treatments are indicated in animals who consume oxalate containing plants?
Calcium hydroxide or milk to make alkaline
76
What is the toxin in day blooming Jessamine? MOA?
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol - causes massive release of calcium
77
What part of the day blooming Jessamine is toxic?
Whole plant
78
What species is primarily affected by day blooming Jessamine toxicosis?
Cattle, horses
79
What are the primary clinical signs seen with day blooming Jessamine toxicosis?
Progressive lameness, chronic wasting, mineralization
80
What is the main principle of treating day blooming Jessamine toxicosis?
Tx hypercalcemia - bisphosphonates, calcitonin
81
What is the toxin(s) in oak species? What species are most affected?
Tannins Cattle (young) and sheep most affected Rare in horses, pigs resistant
82
What parts of oak are toxic?
Young leaves, buds, green acorns
83
What are common clinical findings with oak toxicity?
GI ulceration, pale/swollen kidneys, perirenal edema (not as extensive as pigweed)
84
What specific treatments are indicated in animals who consume oak species?
Polyethylene glycol | Calcium hydroxide for prevention
85
What parts are considered toxic/irritating in christmas trees?
Needles, oils, water
86
What is the toxin(s) in american holly?
Saponins | Theobromine (alkaloid)
87
What part(s) of american holly is toxic?
Leaves, berries
88
What species are primarily affected by american holly?
Dogs, cats, horses
89
What are common clinical signs seen with american holly toxicity?
V/D, excessive drooling
90
What is the toxin(s) in poinsettia?
Latex irritant sap
91
What part of poinsettias is considered toxic?
Leaves
92
What species does poinsettia toxicity typically affect?
Dogs and cats
93
What clinical signs are typically seen with poinsettia toxicity?
Mild irritation to mouth/stomach, vomiting, may have allergic rxn
94
What is the toxin(s) in mistletoe?
Lectins | Pharotoxins
95
What is the toxic part of mistletoes?
Berries
96
What species are primarily affected by mistletoe toxicity?
Dogs, cats, horses
97
What three body systems does mistletoe toxicity affect?
GI, cardio, neuro
98
What are the three toxins present in Dumb Cane and Golden Pothos?
Oxalates Proteolytic enzymes Raphids
99
What parts of Golden Pothos and Dumb Cane are toxic? Most toxic?
All - especially stems
100
What species are primarily affected by Dumb Cane or Golden Pothos toxicity?
Dogs, cats
101
What clinical signs are commonly observed with Dumb Cane or Golden Pothos toxicity?
Intense burning/irritation, excessive drooling, difficulty swallowing/breathing
102
What specific treatments are indicated in animals with Dumb Cane or Golden Pothos toxicity?
Secure airway, analgesics, demulcents
103
What is the toxin(s) present in Rhododendrons and Azaleas? MOA?
Grayanotoxins - activate Na channels
104
What parts of Rhododendrons and Azaleas are toxic?
All - including pollen and nectar
105
What species are primarily affected by Rhododendrons and Azaleas toxicity?
Dogs, cats
106
What clinical signs are commonly observed with Rhododendrons and Azaleas toxicity?
Bradycardia, muscle weakness, repeated swallowing, vomiting
107
What specific treatments are indicated in animals with Rhododendrons and Azaleas toxicity?
Calcium gluconate | Na channel blockers
108
What is the toxin(s) present in Tulips and Amaryllis? MOA?
Tulipalin A and B - alkylate proteins and DNA
109
What species are primarily affected by Tulips and Amaryllis toxicity?
Dogs, cats, horses
110
What clinical signs are commonly observed with Tulips and Amaryllis toxicity?
Gastroenteritis, hypersalivation, hypotension
111
What specific treatments are indicated in animals with Tulips and Amaryllis toxicity?
GI protectants if GI signs
112
What part(s) of Tulips and Amaryllis are toxic? Most toxic?
All - especially bulbs
113
What is the toxin(s) in Castor Bean plant?
Ricin (lectin)
114
What is the toxic part of Castor Bean plant? Most toxic?
All - SEEDS!!!
115
What species are affected by Castor Bean plant toxicity? Which are very susceptible?
All - cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, fowl, rabbits, small mammals *horses >> cattle*
116
What clinical signs are commonly seen with Catsor Bean plant toxicity?
Vomiting, hemorrhage, heart contractions, hypertension
117
What is the treatment of choice for animals with suspected Castor Bean plant toxicity?
Aggressive GI decontamination
118
What are three other plants that have GI signs that we didn't discuss?
Autumn crocus, Daffodil bulbs, christmas cactus

Poisonous Plants (2 decks)

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