Toxins + MOAs only

Question 1

Cycads: sago palm, coontie/arrowroot

Answer 1

cycasin – glycoside, liver

BMAA – neurotoxin

Question 2

Senecio: ragworts, groundsel

Answer 2

pyrrolizidine alkaloids – irreversible liver damage w/ hepatocytomegaly

Question 3

Crotolaria

Answer 3

monocrotaline – pyrrolizidine alkaloid

Question 4

Lantana

Answer 4

lantadene – blocks ATPase in biliary system

Question 5

Bracken fern

Answer 5

ptaquiloside – myelosuppression

thiaminase in non-ruminants

Question 6

Allium spp.

Answer 6

sulfur compounds – oxidative damage + hemolytic anemia

Question 7

Red maple

Answer 7

gallic acid – hemolytic anemia

Question 8

White sweet clover

Answer 8

coumarol converted to dicoumarol – inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase

Question 9

Moldy corn

Answer 9

fumonisin – produced by fusarium spp causing edema

inhibits O2 uptake

Question 10

Lush pasture

Answer 10

3-methylindole – converted from excess tryptophan causing edema + inflammation
(inhibits O2 uptake)

Question 11

Moldy sweet potatoes

Answer 11

4-ipomeanol – produced from potatoes from fusarium spp. causing edema
(inhibits O2 uptake)

Question 12

Perilla mint

Answer 12

perilla ketone – caused edema

inhibits O2 uptake

Question 13

Johnson grass, lamb’s quarter, dock, pigweed, ragweed

Answer 13

nitrite – converted in rumen from excess nitrate inducing oxidation of iron to form methemoglobinemia
(inhibits O2 transport)

Question 14

Black cherry, elderberry, heavenly bamboo

Answer 14

cyanogenic glycosides – cyanide binds + inhibits cytochrome oxidase, blocking ETC + oxidative respiration
(inhibits O2 utilization)

Question 15

Lilies

Answer 15

unknown – renal failure

Question 16

Pigweed

Answer 16

nitrate – induces methemoglobinemia
oxalates – combine with calcium to form CaOx crystals, hypocalcemia, tubular necrosis
unknown renal toxin – perirenal edema

Question 17

Rhubarb, dieffenbachia/dumb cane

Answer 17

oxalates – combine with calcium to form CaOx crystals, hypocalcemia, tubular necrosis

Question 18

Pokeweed

Answer 18

oxalates - combine with calcium to form CaOx crystals, hypocalcemia, tubular necrosis
also: saponins, lectins

Question 19

Day blooming jessamine

Answer 19

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol – induces massive release of calcium resulting in mineralization + lameness

Question 20

Oaks

Answer 20

tannins – bind proteins, rendering them non-functional

Question 21

American holly

Answer 21

saponins, theobromine

Question 22

Poinsettia

Answer 22

latex irritant sap – induces irritation + allergic reactions

Question 23

Mistletoe

Answer 23

lectins, pharotoxins

Question 24

Dumb cane, golden pathos

Answer 24

oxalates - combines with calcium to form CaOx crystals, hypocalcemia, tubular necrosis
proteolytic enzymes
raphids – intense burning + irritation

Question 25

Rhododendron, azaleas

Answer 25

grayanotoxins – activate sodium channels

Question 26

Castor bean plant

Answer 26

ricin – potent toxic resulting vigorous heart contractions, hypotension, hemorrhage

Question 27

Tulips, amaryllis

Answer 27

tulapin A + B – alkylate proteins + DNA

Question 28

Sicklepod, partridge pea, coffee senna

Answer 28

quinones – inhibits cytochrome oxidase in muscle fibers

Question 29

White snakeroot

Answer 29

tremetol/tremetone – cumulative neurotoxin causing trembles

Question 30

Ergot

Answer 30

ergot alkaloids – parasitic fungus infecting numerous grasses/grains, mimics oxytocin + biogenic amines

Question 31

Tall fescue

Answer 31

ergovaline, ergot alkaloids – often infected with endophyte fungus, mimics oxytocin + biogenic amines

Question 32

Black walnut

Answer 32

juglone – quinone, exhibits allelopathy

Question 33

St Johns wort

Answer 33

hypericin – primary photosensitizer

Question 34

Hairy vetch, buckwheat, alfalfa

Answer 34

primary photosensitizers

Question 35

Prickly/mexican poppy

Answer 35

mechanical injury, MOA not mentioned

Question 36

Poison ivy, oak, sumac

Answer 36

urushiol – oxidizes to quinone which reacts with proteins to cause allergens

Question 37

Stinging nettle

Answer 37

histamine, serotonin, Ach, formic acid

Question 38

Loblolly, ponderosa pines

Answer 38

isocupressic acids – causes estrogen drops + decreased uterine blood flow resulting in abortions, RP

Question 39

Subterranean clover

Answer 39

phytoestrogens – abortions, infertilty

Question 40

White sweet clover

Answer 40

coumarins – abortion

Question 41

Alfalfa, clovers

Answer 41

estrogenic isoflavones – abortions

Question 42

Lupine, poison hemlock, tobacco

Answer 42

anagyrene – teratogenic alkaloid that paralyzes offspring + causes arthrogryposis

Question 43

False hellebore

Answer 43

cyclopamine – teratogenic

Question 44

Foxglove

Answer 44

digoxin – cardiac glycoside

Question 45

Lily of the valley

Answer 45

convallerin – cardiac glycoside

Question 46

Oleander

Answer 46

cardiac glycosides

Question 47

Milkweed

Answer 47

galitoxin – neurotoxin | cardenolides – cardiac glycosides

Question 48

Kalanchoe

Answer 48

cardenolides + bufadienolides – cardiac glycosides

Question 49

Yew

Answer 49

taxine A + B – inhibits cardiac Na + Ca channels

Question 50

Cotton

Answer 50

gossypol – chelates iron

Question 51

Cannabis sativa

Answer 51

THC – psychotropic

Question 52

Poison hemlock

Answer 52

coniine – non-polarizing blocker

Question 53

Water hemlock

Answer 53

cicutoxin – similar to strychnine causing violent tetanic seizures

Question 54

Eastern black nightshade

Answer 54

solanine – inhibits cholinesterase, teratogenic | atropine

Question 55

Tropical soda apple, jerusalem cherry

Answer 55

solanine – inhibits cholinesterase, teratogenic

Question 56

Common horsetail

Answer 56

thiaminase

Question 57

Carolina/yellow jasmine

Answer 57

alkaloids – glycine receptor agonist acting as a paralytic

Question 58

Jimsonweed

Answer 58

atropine + scopolamine (tropane alkaloids) – reversible antagonist of muscarinic Ach receptors

Question 59

Locoweeds

Answer 59

swainsonine – alkaloid miserotoxin – 3-NP selenium accumulator

Question 60

Creeping indigo

Answer 60

3-nitropropionic acid – irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (neuro) Indospicine – non-protein amino acid causing liver damage + ulcerations