quiz 8 Flashcards

Question

body structure : multicelluar fillaments

Answer 1

hyphae are tiny filaments that make up the multicellular mycelia, consisting of a tubular cell wall surrounded by the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells. Cell wall strengthened by chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide Interwoven mass of hyphae is called the mycelium Infiltrates food source Maximizes surface-to-volume ratio (growth increases length

Answer 2

Cross-walled divisions (septa) in hyphae that have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuceli to flow from cell to cell. coenocytic hypha, hyphae are a continuous cytoplasmic mass containing many nuclei Repeated cell division without cytokinesis

Answer 3

arbuscules are fungi that have specialized hyphae Used to exchange nutrients with host plant cells Remain physically separated from plant cell’s cytoplasm by the plasma membrane of the plant cell Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots are called mycorrhizae

Answer 4

Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and typically grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex Arbuscular myocorrhizal fungi extend branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane

Answer 5

Most fungi propagate either sexually or asexually by producing large numbers of spores Nuclei of hyphae and spores are mostly haploid

Answer 6

Mold is an informal term for a fungus that grows as a filamentous fungus, producing haploid spores by mitosis and forming a visible mycelium Grow rapidly Large number of spores enables colonization of new food sources

Answer 7

Plasmogamy is the union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia ( fusion of cytopasm). different hyphae meet and they fuse cytoplasm.

Answer 8

After the fusion of the mycelia, some fungi go through a heterokaryotic stage in which cells contain two genetically distinct haploid nuclei that do not fuse right away. nuclei remain distinct and haploid

Answer 9

dikaryotic cell is when in some fungi, the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell

Answer 10

Pherosomes are sexual signaling molecules used to communicate to their mating type .

Answer 11

Fungi are efficent decomposers of of organic matieral including cellulose and lingin, jet fuel, and house paint. fungi are essential for maintianing supply of inorganic nutrients called carbon and nitrogen.

Answer 12

Mycorrhizae: mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and a plant root All plant species also harbor fungal endophytes Live inside leaf or other plant part without causing harm May make toxins that deter herbivores (grasses and other non-woody plants) May increase host plant tolerance of heat, drought, heavy metals

Answer 13

fungi help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals -Many species of ants use the digestive power of fungi by raising them in "farms"

Answer 14

symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic organism and a fungus. -The algae provide carbon compounds, cyanobacteria also provide organic nitrogen, and fungi provide the environment for growth Fungi provide suitable environment for photosynthetic partners Gas exchange Protection Retention of water and minerals, mostly absorbed from airborne dust or from rain

Answer 15

About 30% of known fungal species exist as parasites or pathogens Plants: Cryphonectria parasitica causes chestnut blight; spores enter cracks in the tree and produce hyphae that kill the tree

Answer 16

Mycosis is the general term used for an infection caused by a fungal parasite Skin mycosis: athlete’s foot and other ringworm infections Systemic mycoses typically caused by inhaled spores Opportunistic mycosis: Candida albicans can become pathogenic and cause “yeast infections”

Answer 17

red and green algae are products of primary endosymbiosis ,but golden and brown algae are a product of secondary symbiosis from red algae.

Answer 18

gametophytes (n) multicelluar and create gametes by mitosis . sporophytes are multicelluar and produces haploid reproductive cells ( spores ) by meiosis .

Answer 19

Embrophytes develop from zygotes retained with tissues of the female parent ( gametophyte).

Answer 20

Charophytes and land plants have in common: Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins in the plasma membrane Structure of flagellated sperm (in applicable plant species) Cell division utilizing the phragmoplast between the daughter nuclei to guide formation of the cell plate

Answer 21

Alternation of generations (occurs in some algae but not charophytes) Multicellular, dependent embryos Walled spores produced in sporangia ( asexual reproducing bodies ) Multicellular gametangia ( sexual reproducing bodies ) Apical meristems (points of growth)

Answer 22

gametophyte role is to make gametes,eggs, and sperm that fuse during fertilization.

Answer 23

Multicellular plant embryos, embryophytes, develop from zygotes retained within tissues of the female parent (gametophyte) Parental tissues provide nutrients Placental transfer cells enhance the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo

Answer 24

Multicellular organs called sporangia produce spores Diploid cells called sporocytes undergo meiosis to yield haploid spores Plant spores (haploid reproductive cells) 🡪 mitosis 🡪 yield gametangia

Answer 25

Spores are protected by sporopollenin polymer in their walls; resistant to harsh and arid environments

Answer 26

Gametes are produced within multicellular organs (gametangia) present in gametophyte

Answer 27

Archegonia are female gametangia; each will produce a single, non-motile egg Antheridia are male gametangia; sperm have flagella and can swim to the eggs through water droplets or a film of water

Answer 28

Apical meristems are localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots that sustain growth in length throughout the organism’s life. Cells differentiate into outer epidermis (protection) Internal tissues Leaves

Answer 29

Many species also have a covering for the epidermis called the cuticle Consists of wax and other polymers Acts as waterproofing to prevent excessive water loss from the aboveground portions of the plant Provides some protection from microbial attack Specialized pores called stomata allow the exchange of CO2 and O2 for photosynthesis

Answer 30

based on whether they have an extensive system of vascular tissue, cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body Bryophytes are “nonvascular” Vascular plants Seedless plants Seed plants

Answer 31

Nonvascular plants Liverworts Mosses Hornworts Dominant stage of the life cycle: Gametophyte Gametophytes are anchored by rhizoids, which are long, tubular single cells (liverworts and hornworts) or filaments of cells (mosses) rather than roots The foot is embedded in the archegonium and absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte The seta, or stalk, conducts nutrients to the sporangium, or capsule

Answer 32

Seedless plants Lycophytes (club mosses) Pterophytes (ferns) Seed plants

Answer 33

A seed is an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat Gymnosperms bear naked seeds that are not enclosed in protective chambers Angiosperms are flowering plants which form seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary

Answer 34

Transport Xylem conducts most of the water and minerals Phloem distributes sugars, amino acids, other organic products Cell walls of water-conducting cells are strengthened by lignin True roots, organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil Evolution of leaves Increase the surface area of the plant body Primary photosynthetic organ

Answer 35

Sporophylls are modified leaves that bear sporangia

Answer 36

Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous, bearing one type of sporophyll bearing one type of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte Seed plants are heterosporous with two types of sporangia producing two different kinds of spores

Answer 37

Megasporangia produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes Microsporangia produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

Answer 38

A layer of sporophyte tissue called the integument envelops and protects the megasporangium An ovule consists of the integument, megasporangium, and megaspore Inside each ovule, a female gametophyte develops from a megaspore and produces one or more eggs

Answer 39

A microspore develops into a pollen grain consisting of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall Transfer of pollen to the part of the seed plant that contains the ovules is called pollination Sperm does not require water for transport, nor motility (carried through pollen tube)

Answer 40

Advantages over spores Seeds have longer lifespans in a dormant state Carry their own supply of stored food Can be carried for longer distances Wind Animals

Answer 41

Have naked seeds not contained in ovaries; usually exposed on modified leaves that form cones

Answer 42

All angiosperms are classified into a single phylum, Anthophyta Key adaptations Flowers Fruit

Answer 43

A flower is a specialized shoot used for sexual reproduction, composed of up to four rings of modified leaves

Answer 44

Sepals are usually green and enclose the flower before it opens; sterile organ Petals aid in attracting pollinators; sterile organ Stamens produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing the male gametophyte Filament = stalk Anther = terminal sac where pollen is produced Carpels make megaspores and thus female gametophytes the stigma is at the end of the carpel and is sticky to receive pollen A style leads from the stigma to the ovary which contains one or more ovules

Answer 45

A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary, may include other flower parts As seeds develop from ovules, the ovary wall thickens

Answer 46

produces spores

Answer 47

egg sperm gametophyte

Answer 48

haploid spores

Answer 49

microspores and megaspores

Answer 50

The tissue system is a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant Dermal tissue outer protective covering Vascular tissue system carries out long distances transport of matierals between root and short systems . ground tissue system are tissue thay are neither dermal nor vascular and perform a variety of functions

Answer 51

Monocots flowering plant species with one cotyledon Dicots flowering plants with two cotyledons Basal angiosperms flowering plants belonging to the three oldest lineages Magnoliids both woody and herbaceous species of flowering plants floral organs typically arranged in a spiral . eudicots are a true clade of most flowering plants with two cotyledons bedmm

Answer 52

Monocots typically have parallel leaf veins ( examples: orchids, palms, grain crops( Eudicots typically have leaf veins arranged in a netlike pattern (network) Examples : roses, peas, sunflowers

Answer 53

Root system includes all of plants roots which anchor in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water and stores food Shoot system is the aerial portion of the plant body consisting of stems leaves and in ( angiosperms) flowers Vegatative shoots refers to production of non reproductive leaves, stems, roots, reproductive shoots bear flowers ( modified leaves )

Answer 54

A root is an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil absorbs minerals and water and stores carbohydrates

Answer 55

Taproot are a single main vertical root which develops from an embryonic root Lateral roots or branch roots arise from taproots.

Answer 56

A stem is an organ that raises or separates leaves and raises reproductive structures and facilitates pollen and fruit dispersal .

Answer 57

Nodes points at which leaves are attached Internodes stem segments between nodes

Answer 58

Axillary bud is a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot ( branch) or thorn/ flower Apical bud ( terminal bud) located at the tip of the stem Composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes

Answer 59

Apical dominance is an inhibition in which Axillary buds in close proximity to the apical bud are kept dormant

Answer 60

Leaf is the main photosynthetic organ Flattened blade Peptiole or stalk that joins the leaf to the stem at the node Veins the vascular tissue of leaves

Answer 61

Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into the shoots ( water conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity) Tracheids found in vascular plants ( long and thin with tampered ends and have pits connects cells and allow water flow( Vessel elements found in most angiosperm, a few seedless vascular plants and few gymnosperms. ( wider , shorter, thinner walls, and less tapered( Vessels microspores made from aligned vessel elements from end to end

Answer 62

Phloem transports sugars ( products of photosynthesis) from where made leaves to where needed ( roots and sites of growth) Sieve tube elements are chains of cells that make up sieve tubes Sieve plates an end wall between sieve tube elements that have pores and facilitate fluid flow

Answer 63

Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue is called pith Ground tissue that is external to The vascular system is called cortex

Answer 64

Parenchyma cells do metabolic functions photosynthesis starch storage, flesh of fruit Collenchyma cells provide flexible support Scleremchyma cells provide rigid support

Answer 65

it is responsible for the formation of the diploid zygote (egg plus sperm) and the triploid central cell ( two nuclei in large central cell of the female gametophye and sperm ) zygote sporophyte embryo triploid central cell is the endosperm

Answer 66

cotyledons are one or two seed leaves.

Answer 67

The vascular tissue of a root or stem is collectively called the stele

Answer 68

In angiosperms, the stele is a vascular cylinder Eudicots: Xylem has starlike shape with phloem between the star arms Monocots: Central core of parenchyma cells are surrounded by a ring of xylem and a ring of phloem

Answer 69

Vascular cylinder bordered by a single cell layer called the endodermis Between endodermis and epidermis, ground tissue (mostly parenchyma) fills the cortex

Answer 70

Eudicots: Arranged in a ring, with xylem adjacent to the pith and phloem adjacent to the cortex Monocots: Scattered throughout the ground tissue

Answer 71

Angiosperm stem/leaves: stele consists of vascular bundles, separate strands of xylem and phloem Covered by protective epidermis layer

Answer 72

Leaves develop from leaf primordia, projections along the sides of the apical meristem Epidermis is interrupted by pores called stomata Allow exchange of CO2 and O2 Opening/closing regulated by guard cells Ground tissue is made of parenchyma cells specialized for photosynthesis (mesophyll) Vascular tissue runs through leaf, enclosed by a protective bundle sheath

Answer 73

Long distance transport occurs through bulk flow, the movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient

Answer 74

Sugars are produced by photosynthesis in the leaves Phloem sap can flow both ways through shoots and roots

Answer 75

Stomata in leaves: Gas exchange: take in CO2 and release O2 Regulate loss of water (transpiration)

Answer 76

Roots absorb water and minerals; exchange gases with air spaces of soil

Answer 77

The apoplast refers to everything external to the plasma membranes of living cells; includes cell walls, extracellular spaces and interiors of dead cells (tracheids, vessel elements) The symplast consists of the entire mass of cytosol of all living cells as well as the plasmodesmata

Answer 78

Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from leaves and other aerial parts of the plant Transpirational pull: Water vapor diffuses from moist air space to drier outside air via stomata Lost water vapor is replaced by evaporation from water film covering mesophyll cells Surface tension pulls water from surrounding cells/air spaces Water pulled from xylem into surrounding cells/air spaces to replace water that was lost

Answer 79

Upward movement from roots to shoots facilitated by adhesion and cohesion

Answer 80

Cohesion is the attractive force between molecules of the same substance Hydrogen bonds between water molecules Water molecules in column pulled from above without separating Adhesion is the attractive force between water molecules and other polar substances Water molecules interact with hydrophilic walls of xylem Offsets downward force of gravity

Answer 81

Phloem sap travels through sieve tubes, with sieve plates interspersed between cells Also contains amino acids, hormones, minerals Phloem sap moves from source to sink by bulk flow driven by positive pressure Proton pumping and H+/sugar cotransport enables sugar loading into the sieve tube at the source Reduction of water potential within the sieve tube causes water uptake by osmosis; water generates positive pressure that pushes sap to flow At the sugar sink, the concentration of free sugar is low relative to the sieve tube; sugar molecules move into sink cell by diffusion Water exits sieve tube by osmosis

Answer 82

heterosporous are gymnosperms and angiosperms. homosporous are pterophytes

Answer 83

angiosperms and gymnosperms utilize seeds as part of their life cycle.

Answer 84

eudicots and gymnosperms

Answer 85

angiosperms gymnosperms pterophytes

Answer 86

a lichen is a relationship between plants and fungi .

Answer 87

diatoms and radiolarians have a celluar structure that is made rigid incorporation of silica.

Answer 88

endophytes is the symbiotic relationship that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves .