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BIO 102 > quiz 9 > Flashcards

quiz 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes swelling/edema?

A
  • swelling/edema caused by extra fluid in interstitial space
  • common reasons:
    • vascular damage (leaking)
    • increased hydrostatic pressure (damage to area causes greater flow)
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2
Q

where and what is the lymphatic system?

A
  • follows along cardiovascular system; “second circulatory system”
  • delivers excess water in interstitial space back to circulatory system
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3
Q

what is the primary driver of water movement across capillaries?

A
  • vascular hydrostatic/osmotic pressure is main driver (high hydrostatic at start; high osmotic at end)
  • interstitial pressures have only slight impact
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4
Q

classification of digestive systems based on what organisms eat

A
  • herbivore
  • carnivore
  • omnivore
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5
Q

monogastric vs polygastric

A
  • carnivores and omnivores (and a few herbivores) are monogastric
  • one “true stomach” with acid and pepsin enzymes for digestion
  • herbivores are polygastric
  • highly specialized stomach components
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6
Q

role of true stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

A

true stomach: secretes enzymes for digestion
small intestine: absorption of nutrients
large intestine: absorption of water; some nutrients

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7
Q

what organisms can digest cellulose?

A
  • no carnivores
  • some omnivores
  • all herbivores
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8
Q

herbivore digestive tract

A
  • herbivores have the longest digestive tracts because they are ruminant animals
  • the materials they consume take longer to digest before they can be assimilated
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9
Q

differences in dentition between animals

A
  • herbivores have flat teeth for grinding
  • carnivores have large/sharp teeth for ripping/tearing/cutting
  • omnivores have “leatherman” teeth that are multipurpose
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10
Q

how do we prevent food from being inhaled

A
  • epiglottis is a flap of tissue that closes the trachea while we swallow, preventing aspiration
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11
Q

role of salivary glands

A
  • salivary glands release saliva to lubricate food during mastication
  • contain amylase to begin digesting carbs but overall little enzymatic activity
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12
Q

peristalsis

A

enteric nervous system controls peristalsis movement of bolus down the esophagus

  • circular muscles contract behind food mass
  • longitudinal muscles contract ahead of food mass, shortening the tube in front of the mass
  • circular muscles contract to move bolus forward
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13
Q

*** esophageal problems with age

A

upper esophageal sphincter: trouble swallowing (opening/closing epiglottis)

lower esophageal sphincter: GERD

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14
Q

what is GERD? what problems does it cause? solutions?

A
  • gastroesophageal reflux disease
  • lower esophageal sphincter gets acidic as stomach acid sloshes up
  • continued acid washing increases risk of esophageal cancer
  • solution: proton pump inhibitors reduce stomach acidity, but reduces pepsin (it needs low pH to activate)
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15
Q

stomach anatomy

A
  • fundus at the top
  • body in the middle
  • antrum and them pylorus at the bottom
  • lumen is made up of gastric glands which have many cell types!
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16
Q

cells in gastric glands

A
  • goblet cells: at top; bicarbonate-rich mucus protects stomach lining from acid
  • parietal cells: gastric acid production by proton pumps (active)
  • chief cells: produce pepsinogen (protease precursor)
  • D cells and G cells: regular acid secretion
17
Q

importance of acid production in the stomach

A
  • kills bacteria
  • gastric juice pH in humans is 2, in some carnivores like vultures it’s 1
  • carnivorous birds spit up acidic stomach contents onto talons before feeding on decaying flash, pre-sterilizing them from bacteria
18
Q

protein digestion in the stomach

A
  • chief cells produce pepsinogen, an inactive protease precursor
  • pH in stomach turns pepsinogen into pepsin, which partially digests proteins into small peptide fragments
  • important to use inactive precursors because they can be stored/secreted without breaking down proteins in the secretory cell
19
Q

what is food called in the esophagus vs stomach

A

esophagus: bolus
stomach: chyme

20
Q

functions of the pancreas

A

endocrine functions:

  • release insulin from beta cells
  • release glucagon from alpha cells

exocrine functions:
- acinar cells release bicarbonate and proteases to duodenum

21
Q

endocrine vs exocrine

A

endocrine: release hormones to the bloodstream
exocrine: release material to small intestine lumen via a duct

22
Q

exocrine role of the pancreas

A

acidic chyme from the stomach must be neutralized in the duodenum

  • low pH stimulates secretin from duodenum cells, which signals acinar cells in pancreas release bicarbonate (base) to neutralize pH
  • lipids/fats induce release of cholecystokin (CCK) from duodenum cells which signals release of digestive enzymes (including trypsinogen)
23
Q

role of trypsinogen

A
  • inactive precursor to a protease released by acinar cells (in response to CCK)
  • enzymes in duodenum lining convert it to trypsin
  • trypsin activates other inactive precursors for protein digestion (cascade)

*important because more gut absorption is in the duodenum!

24
Q

role of bile in the duodenum

A
  • bile produced by the liver, stored by the gall bladder
  • emulsifies fats (with the help of pancreatic lipase)
  • CCK secretion by duodenum (response to fats in chyme) induces release of bile by causing the gall bladder to contract
25
Q

upper GI tract anatomy

A
  • uvula: blocks off nasopharynx
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
  • epiglottis: covers trachea when swallowing
  • salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
  • upper esophageal sphincter
26
Q

esophageal anatomy

A
  • circular and longitudinal muscles
  • enteric nervous system controls peristalsis
  • lower esophageal sphincter
27
Q

how does bile work on fats?

A
  • bile emulsifies fats with the help of pancreatic lipase
  • fats enter duodenum as triglycerides, broken down into monoglycerides and fatty acids
  • mix of fats form small droplets called micelles to be absorbed
28
Q

functions of the large intestine

A
  • absorb water and salts
  • produce and absorb vitamins
  • form/propel feces
29
Q

how are different substances absorbed in the small intestine?

A
  • fatty acids and micelles: simple diffusion
  • water: osmosis; through aquaporins
  • glucose and fructose: SGLT (with sodium) or GluT transporters; both facilitated diffusion
  • amino acids or di/tripeptides: active transport
30
Q

problems with long-term asprin use

A
  • asprin increases acid production from parietal cells and decreases bicarbonate production in mucus layer
  • stomach relies on bicarbonate-rich mucus to keep pH 2 away from stomach lining
  • long-term asprin use erodes the mucus layer, leading to gastric ulcers
31
Q

how do our carbohydrate levels fluctuate?

A
  • blood glucose levels vary, but the body attempts to maintain a stable blood glucose level between meals
  • absorption of glucose from food raises it, glucose must exit the bloodstream and enter cells to lower it
32
Q

role of insulin

A
  • high blood glucose after meals promotes the release of insulin
  • beta cells in pancreas are always sensing glucose levels; in response to high blood glucose they release insulin which has 2 roles:
    • stimulate glucose uptake from blood to cells (triggers reservoir of glucose channels to be put in cell membranes)
    • triggers glycogen formation in the liver
33
Q

binding of insulin ***

A
  • binds to tyrosine kinase receptors, causing them to dimerize (pair)
  • dimerization triggers auto-phosphorylation of kinases (using ATP) which can then phosphorylate more receptors or protein targets (kinase activity)
34
Q

what are kinases?

A

enzymes that allow you to phosphorylate a target

35
Q

what does insulin binding do to the cell? (pathway) ***

A
  • insulin binds to tyrosine kinase receptors, activating them to phosphorylate things
  • phosphorylation leads to activation of many signaling molecules, which cause different processes
    • anabolic events like protein synthesis
    • GLUT4 transporters sent to membrane to bring in glucose
36
Q

what happens to glucose after entering the cell?

A
  • can be burned or stored as glycogen
  • osmotic load of cell is reduced when its stored as glycogen compared to glucose (only 1 molecule); stored this way so the cell isn’t fighting the inward movement of water
37
Q

role of glucagon

A
  • helps regulate blood glucose between meals
  • produced by alpha cells in the pancreas; induces glucose release from glycogen stores in the liver
  • liver is the only organ that can release glucose into the blood!!
  • small amount of insulin also released (needed for glucose uptake into cells)

BIO 102 (14 decks)

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