Quiz on Chapter 3

Question 1

The excretion of water by the kidneys is controlled by a hormone called vasopressin. If the body contains too much water, the pituitary gland releases less vasopressin into the bloodstream and water is excreted. If the body does not contain enough water, the release of vasopressin is increased so that water is retained. In this example,

p. 30
a. hormone levels are endothermic.
b. the homeostatic level is the target range of water in the body.
c. the homeostatic level is the amount of vasopressin in the bloodstream.
d. the pituitary gland is an opponent process.

Answer 1

b. the homeostatic level is the target range of water in the body.

Question 2

In physiological systems, the target range of something being regulated is referred to as

p. 30
a. a regulatee.
b. the homeostatic level.
c. the optimal homeostat.
d. optimally controlled.

Answer 2

b. The homeostatic level

Question 3

A decrease in the vigor of elicited behavior is called a ___________ effect.

p. 31
a. learning
b. maturational
c. habituation
d. sensitization

Answer 3

c. habituation

Question 4

An increase in the vigor of elicited behavior is called a _________ effect.

p. 31
a. learning
b. maturational
c. habituation
d. sensitization

Answer 4

d. sensitization

Question 5

Shortly after putting on a pair of comfortable shoes, you feel the gentle pressure of the shoe against your feet. However, after a few minutes you become oblivious to wearing the shoes. This change in sensation is called

p. 31
a. maturation.
b. numbing.
c. habituation.
d. sensitization.

Answer 5

c. habituation.

Question 6

When a mild (but startling) eliciting stimulus is repeatedly presented,

p. 31-32
a. the elicited behavior declines on subsequent repetitions of the eliciting stimulus.
b. the elicited behavior declines on the early presentations of the eliciting stimulus, but increases on later presentations.
c. the elicited behavior is the same on all repetitions of the eliciting stimulus.
d. the elicited behavior increases on the early presentations of the eliciting stimulus, but declines on later presentations.

Answer 6

d. the elicited behavior increases on the early presentations of the eliciting stimulus, but declines on later presentations.

Question 7

If a very intense eliciting stimulus is repeatedly presented,

p. 31-32
a. a transient sensitization effect is followed by a habituation effect.
b. a transient habituation effect is followed by a sensitization effect.
c. a habituation effect may occur.
d. a sensitization effect may occur.

Answer 7

d. a sensitization effect may occur?

Question 8

The notion of stimulus generalization of habituation is evidence that

p. 35
a. habituation is not the result of fatigue.
b. sensitization is not the result of fatigue.
c. mild eliciting stimuli can be very aversive.
d. intense eliciting stimuli can be very aversive.

Answer 8

a. habituation is not the result of fatigue.

Question 9

People are cautious about ingesting a food or drink that has an unfamiliar flavor. This is called

p. 36
a. neoflavoria.
b. flavor neophobia.
c. taste phobia.
d. conditioned taste aversion.

Answer 9

b. flavor neophobia.

Question 10

Habituation where substantial spontaneous recovery occurs is called

p. 36
a. long-term habituation.
b. short-term habituation.
c. homeostatic-resistant habituation.
d. sensitization.

Answer 10

b. short-term habituation.

Question 11

Experiments with laboratory rats have shown that flavor neophobia _____. p. 36

a. is unlikely to develop when a strong flavor is used.
b. shows short-term sensitization.
c. shows no spontaneous recovery for as long as 3 weeks.
d. shows spontaneous recovery when a one week period elapses between the first and the second presentation of the novel food.

Answer 11

c. shows no spontaneous recovery for as long as 3 weeks.

Question 12

Long-term habituation refers to habituation effects _______. p. 36

a. that require a great number of trials to be established.
b. resulting from a long duration stimulus.
c. where spontaneous recovery does occur.
d. where significant spontaneous recovery does not occur.

Answer 12

d. where significant spontaneous recovery does not occur.

Question 13

In general, habituation is greater when a high frequency of stimulation is used. The reason for this is that ________. p. 36

a. the intensity of a stimulus can affect habituation.
b. the intensity of a stimulus has no effect on habituation.
c. higher stimulus frequencies permit more spontaneous recovery between trials.
d. higher stimulus frequencies permit less spontaneous recovery between trials.

Answer 13

d. higher stimulus frequencies permit less spontaneous recovery between trials.

Question 14

The presentation of a novel stimulus can result in the recovery of a previously habituated response. This process is called

p. 37
a. spontaneous recovery.
b. dishabituation.
c. stimulus generalization of habituation.
d. short-term habituation.

Answer 14

b. dishabituation.

Question 15

In an experiment conducted with human infants, the repetition of a visual stimulus resulted in a decline of the infants’ visual orientation response. When a tone was presented with the visual stimulus, recovery of the visual orientation response was observed. This process is called _________.p. 37

a. long-term habituation.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. stimulus generalization of habituation.
d. dishabituation.

Answer 15

d. dishabituation.

Question 16

Unlike habituation effects, sensitization effects _______.p.38

a. are not as specific to a particular stimulus.
b. are not influenced by the same intensity and time factors.
c. cannot be long-term or short-term.
d. do not result from the repeated presentation of a stimulus.

Answer 16

a. are not as specific to a particular stimulus.

Question 17

According to the dual-process theory, the nervous system consists of two functional components called
p. 39

a. the brain and spinal cord.
b. the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
c. the S-R system and the state system.
d. the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 17

c. the S-R system and the state system.

Question 18

In the S-R system,

p. 39
a. an efferent neuron forms a synapse with the muscle involved in the elicited response.
b. an afferent neuron forms a synapse with the muscle involved in the elicited response.
c. an interneuron activates an afferent neuron.
d. an efferent neuron activates an interneuron.

Answer 18

b. an afferent neuron forms a synapse with the muscle involved in the elicited response

Question 19

The correct order of connections in a reflex arc is

p. 39
a. efferent neuron→ interneuron →afferent neuron.
b. afferent neuron→ interneuron→ efferent neuron.
c. interneuron →efferent neuron →afferent neuron,
d. interneuron → afferent neuron→ efferent neuron.

Answer 19

b. afferent neuron→ interneuron→ efferent neuron.

Question 20

Ascending and descending neural projections of the spinal cord are considered to be p. 39

a. a part of the S-R system.
b. a part of the state system.
c. afferent neurons.
d. efferent neurons.

Answer 20

b. a part of the state system.

Question 21

In dual-process theory, habituation is assumed to take place in the _______, whereas sensitization is assumed to take place in the ________.

p. 39
a. interneurons; spinal cord
b. afferent neurons; efferent neurons
c. S-R system; state system
d. state system; S-R system

Answer 21

c. S-R system; state system

Question 22

In dual-process theory, when the sensitization process is weaker than the habituation process,

p. 40
a. the net effect is a decline in behavioral output.
b. the net effect is an increase in behavioral output.
c. long-term sensitization occurs.
d. short-term sensitization occurs.

Answer 22

a. the net effect is a decline in behavioral output.

Question 23

In dual-process theory, when the sensitization process is stronger than the habituation process,

p. 40 .
a. the net effects is a decline in behavioral output.
b. the net effect is an increase in behavioral output.
c. long-term habituation occurs.
d. short-term habituation occurs.

Answer 23

b. the net effect is an increase in behavioral output.

Question 24

The state system is activated by

p. 41
a. any stimulus, as long as it is noticed.
b. the S-R system.
c. intense or significant stimuli.
d. weak stimuli.

Answer 24

c. intense or significant stimuli.

Question 25

The dual-process theory of habituation and sensitization

p. 42
a. does not fully explain short-term habituation and short-term sensitization.
b. does not fully explain long-term habituation and long-term sensitization.
c. cannot explain the phenomenon of dishabituation.
d. does not presume the existence of separate habituation and sensitization processes.

Answer 25

b. does not fully explain long-term habituation and long-term sensitization.