Quiz on Chapters 5 and 10

Question 1

Compared to delayed conditioning, simultaneous conditioning _____.

a. produces stronger conditioning effects.
b. produces weaker conditioning effects.
c. produces the same amount of conditioning.
d. always results in a strong conditioning effect.

Answer 1

p. 67

b. produces weaker conditioning effects.

Question 2

What is the name given to the Pavlovian conditioning procedure where the CS is presented at the same time as the US on each trial?

a. Trace conditioning
b. Delayed conditioning
c. Simultaneous conditioning
d. Backwards conditioning

Answer 2

p. 67

c. Simultaneous conditioning

Question 3

What is the name given to the Pavlovian conditioning procedure where the CS is presented slightly before the US on each trial?

a. Trace conditioning
b. Delayed conditioning
c. Simultaneous conditioning
d. Backwards conditioning

Answer 3

p. 67

b. Delayed conditioning

Question 4

In an experiment, a tone CS is presented. Following the onset of the tone, but before the tone is terminated, a food pellet US is presented. This is an experiment in ______.

a. Trace conditioning
b. Delayed conditioning
c. Simultaneous conditioning
d. Backwards conditioning

Answer 4

p. 67

b. Delayed conditioning

Question 5

What is the major difference between trace conditioning and delayed conditioning?

a. A trace interval is used in trace conditioning.
b. A delayed CS is used in delayed conditioning.
c. The CS is presented after the US in delayed conditioning.
d. The CS is presented after the US in trace conditioning.

Answer 5

p. 67-8

a. A trace interval is used in trace conditioning.

Question 6

In a conditioned suppression experiment conducted by Kamin (1965) using a 3-minute tone CS and a brief foot-shock US,

a. the delay conditioning group showed less conditioned suppression than the simultaneous group.
b. the delay conditioning group showed less conditioned suppression than the trace conditioning group.
c. the trace conditioning group showed less conditioned suppression than the delay conditioning group.
d. the timing of the CS and US had no effect on conditioning.

Answer 6

p. 68

c. the trace conditioning group showed less conditioned suppression than the delay conditioning group.

Question 7

The introduction of a gap between the CS and the US ____.

a. usually increases the degree of conditioned responding that develops.
b. can drastically reduce the degree of conditioned responding that develops.
c. has no effect on the degree of conditioned responding that develops.
d. results in no conditioned responding.

Answer 7

p. 68

b. can drastically reduce the degree of conditioned responding that develops.

Question 8

The interstimulus interval is best described as the interval between _______.

a. the end of the CS and the beginning of the US.
b. the beginning of the CS and the beginning of the US.
c. the beginning of the CS and the end of the US.
d. the end of the CS and the end of the US.

Answer 8

p. 68

b. the beginning of the CS and the beginning of the US.

Question 9

The nictitating membrane is _____.

a. involved in the development of cigarette addiction.
b. the home of many receptors for nicotine.
c. a secondary eyelid present in many species.
d. All of the above are correct.

Answer 9

p. 69

c. a secondary eyelid present in many species

Question 10

In rabbits, the CS-US interval that will likely lead to the strongest conditioning of the nictitating membrane response is _____.

a. 0.35 sec.
b. 1.0 sec.
c. 3.5 sec.
d. 0.2-0.5 min.

Answer 10

p. 69

d. 0.2-0.5 min.

Question 11

In conditioned suppression experiments, strong learning can occur with CS-US intervals as long as _____.

a. a few seconds.
b. a few minutes.
c. a few hours.
d. several days.

Answer 11

p. 69

b. a few minutes.

Question 12

The longest effective CS-US intervals are typically found with ______.

a. nictitating membrane response conditioning.
b. conditioned suppression.
c. taste aversion learning.
d. autoshaping.

Answer 12

p. 69

c. taste aversion learning.

Question 13

The blocking effect was first demonstrated experimentally by ______.

a. Pavlov
b. Wagner
c. Kamin
d. Rescorla

Answer 13

p. 71

c. Kamin

Question 14

The blocking effect demonstrates that _____ between a CS and a US _____ the formation of an association between the CS and the US.

a. the informational relation; does not affect
b. the delay; must be long for
c. temporal contiguity; is not sufficient for
d. temporal contiguity; is necessary for

Answer 14

p. 72

c. temporal contiguity; is not sufficient for

Question 15

A situation where p(US/CS)>p(US/noCS) represents ____.

a. a negative contingency
b. a positive contingency
c. a perfect negative contingency
d. a perfect positive contingency

Answer 15

p. 72

d. a perfect positive contingency

Question 16

A situation where p(US/CS)=p(US/noCS) represents \_\_\_\_\_.
a. a negative contingency
a positive contingency
c. backwards conditioning
d. zero contingency

Answer 16

p. 73

d. zero contingency

Question 17

A negative contingency is best represented by _____.

a. p(US/CS) = p(US/noCS)
b. p(US/CS) < p(US/noCS)
c. p(US/CS) > p(US/noCS)
d. None of the above are corrrect

Answer 17

p. 72-73 ??? The question didn’t say “perfect”

b. p(US/CS) < p(US/noCS)

Question 18

The main difference between excitatory conditioning procedures and inhibitory conditioning procedures is that in inhibitory conditioning _______.

a. the US becomes a signal for the absence of the CS.
b. the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US.
c. the CS becomes a signal for the impending presentation of the US.
d. the US becomes a signal for the impending presentation of the CS.

Answer 18

p. 74

b. the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US.

Question 19

In a standard conditioned inhibition procedure, inhibitory conditioning trials are represented by _____.

a. A+
b. A-
c. AB+
d. AB-

Answer 19

p. 76

d. AB-

Question 20

In a standard conditioned inhibition procedure, the absence of the US is meaningful _____.

a. if the US is a tone
b. only if the US was presented on the preceding conditioning trial
c. if the US fails to occurs when it is not expected
d. if the US fails to occur when it is expected

Answer 20

p. 75

d. if the US fails to occur when it is expected

Question 21

A tone is paired with the presentation of a food pellet to a hungry rat on some conditioning trials. On other trials, the tone and a light are presented in the absence of food. Which of the following would likely occur?

a. No conditioning will occur.
b. The light will acquire inhibitory properties.
c. The tone will become a conditioned inhibitor.
d. The food will become a conditioned inhibitor.

Answer 21

p. 75-6

b. The light will acquire inhibitory properties

Question 22

A tone is paired with the presentation of a food pellet to a hungry rat on some conditioning trials. On other trials, the tone and a light are presented in the absence of food. This is an example of _____.

a. a negative CS-US contingency procedure
b. a standard conditioned inhibition procedure
c. the blocking effect
d. the retardation-of-acquisition test

Answer 22

p. 75-6

b. a standard conditioned inhibition procedure

Question 23

In an experiment, a red light is paired with the presentation of grain to a hungry pigeon on half of all conditioning trials. During other trials, a blue light is presented alone. This is an example of _____.

a. a negative CS-US contingency procedure
b. a standard conditioned inhibition procedure
c. the summation test
d. the retardation of acquisition test

Answer 23

p. 76

a. a negative CS-US contingency procedure

Question 24

The summation test for conditioned inhibition _____.

a. involves the use of several types of conditioned responses
b. is not really a test of conditioned inhibition because only one type of US is used
c. is useful when the baseline rate of responding is very low.
d. is useful when the baseline rate of responding is very high.

Answer 24

p. 77

c. is useful when the baseline rate of responding is very low.??

Question 25

The test based on the assumption that conditioned inhibitory properties will interfere with the conditioning of excitatory properties to a stimulus is the _____ test. a. excitatory interference b. differential inhibition c. retardation-of-acquisition d. summation

Answer 25

pg. 79 | c. retardation-of-acquisition

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding conditioned inhibition procedures and conditioned facilitation procedures is NOT correct? a. Both procedures involve the use of one US and at least two CSs. b. the US only occurs in the presence of a single CS in conditioned inhibition. c. the US only occurs in the presence of two CSs in conditioned facilitation. d. The outcome of conditioned inhibition procedures is that subjects respond more in the presence of both CSs.

Answer 26

p. 79-81 d. The outcome of conditioned inhibition procedures is that subjects respond more in the presence of both CSs...or b? Confused

Question 27

One of the hallmark features of extinction is that it dissipates over times. The phenomenon can lead to _____. a. forgetting b. devaluation c. spontaneous recovery d. All of the above are correct

Answer 27

p. 154 | c. spontaneous recovery

Question 28

Which of the following statements about extinction is correct? a. Extinction can involve no longer presenting the reinforcer as a consequence of the instrumental response. b. Extinction can involve repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without he US. c. Extinction is not the same thing as forgetting. d. All of the above are correct

Answer 28

p. 153 | d. All of the above are correct

Question 29

The phenomena of spontaneous recovery and the renewal effect are important to the study of learning because they show that _____. a. forgetting is responsible for extinction b. extinction results in the unlearning of conditioned behavior. c. extinction is not simply the opposite of acquisition. d. suppression of conditioned responding is permanent and cannot be reversed.

Answer 29

p. 153 | c. extinction is not simply the opposite of acquisition.

Question 30

Spontaneous recovery occurs _____. a. in both Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning. b. In Pavlovian conditioning only. c. In instrumental conditioning only. d. only when an aversive reinforcer is used.

Answer 30

pg. 154 | a. in both Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning.

Question 31

Mark Bouton and colleagues are credited with identifying _____. a. renewal b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery d. reinstatement

Answer 31

p.154 | A. renewal

Question 32

The recovery of excitatory responding to an extinguished stimulus produced by exposures to the unconditioned stimulus is called _____. a. renewal b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery d. reinstatement

Answer 32

p. 157 | d. reinstatement

Question 33

A phobia that is extinguished in the context of a therapist's office can easily return when the client returns home. This is an example of ______. a. renewal b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery d. reinstatement

Answer 33

pg. 154 | a. renewal

Question 34

Responses that are extinguished during the course of therapeutic intervention can recur if the individual encounters the unconditioned stimulus again. This is an example of _____. a. renewal b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery d. reinstatement

Answer 34

pg. 157 | d. reinstatement

Question 35

True or false: Simultaneous conditoning is not as effective as delayed conditioning

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Extinction is not the same as forgetting. Why?

Answer 36

Extinction is the process of learning not to respond to the CS. The person is inhibiting the response rather than decaying the memory of association between the two, and the inhibition process is only temporary. Spontaneous recovery, renewal, and reinstatement partial explanations (Ex. You haven't forgotten the turmoil you went through when your girlfriend broke up with you in high school, but when you think about her now, you don't have an emotional reaction anymore. The old association is still intact, but your reaction to it has become extinct

Question 37

List 4 factors that influence the speed of learning an association between the CS and US.

Answer 37

1. CS-US Order and timing(contiguity) 2. CS-US Contingency 3. CS-US Natural relevance 4. CS-US Perceptual salience

Question 38

List three types of ordered pairings. Indicate whether excitatory, inhibitory or no conditioning occurs under each type of pairing.

Answer 38

1. Forward pairings (CS-->US) - excitatory 2. Simultaneous pairings (CS=US) - none 3. Backward pairings (US-->CS) - inhibitory

Question 39

List three forms of forward order pairings. Which one works best (results in fastest conditioning)?

Answer 39

1. Short delay pairings (fastest/work best) 2. Long delay pairings (slow conditioning down) 3. Trace pairings (conditioning is slow, just like in long delay)

Question 40

In 1967, a scientist proposed that higher animals actually learn about the contingent relation between CS and US events in classical conditioning. He said that contingency is at least, if not more, important than contiguity in learning an association between CS and US events. What scientist proposed this contingency theory of classical conditioning?

Answer 40

Robert Rescorla

Question 41

_____ quantifies the contingent relation between two discrete events (such as a CS occurring or not occurring on a trial and the US occurring or not occurring on a trial.)

Answer 41

Delta P

Question 42

What is evidence that extinction is simply learning to withhold/inhibit the response rather than forgetting what to do?

Answer 42

Reacquisition is faster than original learning

Question 43

When reading a stimulus generalization gradient of excitation, which of the following statements would be true? A. A steep slope between adjacent stimuli implies discrimination between the stimuli. B. A shallow slope between adjacent stimuli implies generalization between the stimuli. C. A shallow slope between adjacent stimuli implies discrimination between the stimuli. D. Both A and B are correct.

Answer 43

D. Both A and B are correct.

Question 44

What is the name of the imitation phenomenon in which a nonpoisonous species evolves characteristics of poisonous species, making it very difficult for predators to perceptually discriminate between safe and poisonous prey?

Answer 44

Bateson Mimicry

Question 45

A Jay bird with a taste aversion to Monarch Butterflies(poisonous), generalizes that aversion to include Viceroy butterflies (nonpoisonous), which are similar in appearance. What phenomenon does this exemplify?

Answer 45

Bateson Mimicry