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Neuroanatomy > Quiz One > Flashcards

Quiz One Flashcards

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1
Q

What two types of matter is the CNS made up of?

A

White and Gray

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2
Q

What is gray matter?

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in neuropil

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3
Q

Define nucleus

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies that are morphologically distinct from other neurons

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4
Q

Define lamina

A

layer or band of gray matter in spinal cord

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5
Q

Define Bodies

A

nuclei (such as the geniculate bodies of the thalamus)

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6
Q

Define cortex

A

gray matter located on surface: cerebral or cerebellar

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7
Q

What is white matter?

A

an aggregation of neuronal processes/axons or fibers

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8
Q

Define tract

A

a collection of neuronal fibers/axons that are anatomically or functionally distinct

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9
Q

Define fasciculus

A

bundle of axons or fibers

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10
Q

Define lemniscus

A

ribbon or band of axons/fibers

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11
Q

Define funiculus

A

cord or column of white matter in spinal cord made up of or including several fasculi or tracts

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12
Q

Define Ascending fibers/axons

A

upstream, cranially or rostrally

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13
Q

Define descending fibers/axons

A

downstream, caudally running fibers

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14
Q

What are the divisions of the CNS?

A

1) Spinal Cord 2) Brainstem 3) Cerebellum 4) Cerebrum

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15
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum and the cerebellum
It is also referred to as the bulb, includes the gray matter (nuclei) and white matter including ascending and descending tracts of fibers.

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16
Q

What are the three divisions of the brainstem?

A

Medulla, Pons, Midbrain

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17
Q

What are the features of the Medulla?

A

Gray matter areas: Inferior Olivary Nuclei (large nuclei that are paired and form landmarks on ventrolateral surfaces called olives), cranial nerves 5,7,9,10,11,12
White matter areas: includes ascending/descending fiber tracts (medually pyramids–paired right and left, landmark structures on ventral surface made of descending fibers/axons–corticospinal fibers involved in motor control)
Inferior Cerebellar Peducles: aka restiform bodies..is a stalk/stem that attaches the cerebellum to the medulla and consists mostly of axons going to and from cerebellum/medulla (white matter)

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18
Q

What are the general features of the Pons?

A

two parts: dorsal pons: posterior part that is made up of many gray and white matter areas. cranial nerves 8,7,6,5.
Ventral pons: aka basilar pons (anterior part) that includes white and gray matter areas, includes the pontine nuclei that are a collection of neuron CB’s that receive input from neurons of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex and project axons to the contralateral side of the cerebellum (fibers make up the middle cerebellar peduncle connecting pons to the cerebellum)

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19
Q

What are the components of the Cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway?

A

cerebral cortex–(corticopontine neuron)–>crossing midline–(pontocerebellar neuron)–>cerebellum (contralateral side)

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20
Q

What are the features of the midbrain?

A

It is the superior most part of the brain stream, includes the ventricular system (fluid filled spaces in brain that is the site of CSF production) Cerebral aqueduct divides into dorsal and ventral portions

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21
Q

What makes up the dorsal midbrain/tectum of midbrain?

A

two pairs of nuclei (superior and inferior colliculi), neurons of the superior colliculi are concerned with coordinating certain reflexes and neurons of the inferior colliculi are involved in consicous auditory pathway.

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22
Q

What makes up the ventral midbrain or base of the midbrain?

A

it is formed by a pair of cerebral peduncles (gray and white matter) that connect midbrain to cerebrum. Gray matter consists of cranial nerves 3,4,5, red nucleus (motor control), substantia nigra (motor control/basal ganglia)

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23
Q

What is the Superior cerebellar peduncles?

A

fibers/axons (white matter) that connect cerebellum to midbrain and cerebrum

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24
Q

Describe the Cerebellum

A

Mostly gray matter that is distributed on the surface. The cortical surface is highly folded into folia. Gray matter are embedded in the medullary core (nuclei are the deep subcortical cerebellar nuclei). Most of the medullary core is white matter. Three pairs of the peducles connect the cerebellum to the brainstem. (ICP: medulla, MCP: pons, SCP: midbrain)

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25
Describe the functional features of the cerebellum
Recieves input from most sensory system and cerebral cortex/other areas. Influences the activity of sk. muscles: posture, equlibrium, coordination of movement. cerebellar control of motor activity is largely unconcious.
26
What are the two major parts of the Cerebrum?
Diencephalon and the Telencephalon
27
What makes up the Diencephalon?
two halves (L/R), forms the core of the cerebrum, mostly gray matter with some white, includes the thalamus hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus
28
What is the thalamus?
collection of neurons/nuclei that relay mostly sensory info to the cerebral cortex and are involved in motor pathways, influence other brain activity (emotions, consiousness)
29
What is the hypothalamus?
located below the thalamus, it is the principle autonomic center of the brian that helps control the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS. Helps to control the pituitary gland (endocrine system), feeding, temprature, emotions
30
What is the Epithalamus?
located above the thalamus, includes the pineal gland (secretes melatonin)
31
What is the subthalamus?
under the thalamus and posterior to the hypothalamus, includes the subthalmis nuclus that is involved in the motor pathways
32
What is the telecephalon?
right and left cerebral hemispheres seperated by longitudinal cerebral fissure.
33
In the telencephalon what is the gray matter organized as?
(1) cerebral cortex (covers surface of each hemisphere) (2) corpus striatum : nucleus located deep in the base of each hemisphere and is important in motor control functions
34
Where is the white matter organized as?
the medullary centre/core
35
What kind of fibers make up the medullary center?
``` association fibers (connect different cortical areas within a single hemisphere), commisural fibers (connect fibers from one hemisphere to another) ie. corpus callosum projection fibers: connect an area of cerebral cortex to a subcortical area or a subcortical area to a cerebral cortical area (i.e thalamocortical fibers: connect thalamus to cerebral cortex) ```
36
What are the 5 anatomical lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?
frontal, parietla, temporal, occipital and insula/island of reil
37
What is the ventricular system of the brain?
series of fluid filled spaces within the brain that is derived from the neural canal of the embryonic neural tube and lined by ependymal cells
38
what is the choroid plexus?
it is part of the ventricular system of the brain that secretes CSF that fills the ventricular spaces
39
How does the CSF circulate?
CSF circulates out of the ventricles into the subarachmoid space around the brain and spinal cord. Most of the CSF is resorved at the arachnoid villie into the superior sagittal venous sinus.
40
What are the lateral ventricles?
paired chambers within each cerebral hemisphere including the choroid plexus.
41
Explain the part of the lateral ventricles
``` anterior horn: frontal lobe body; in area of pre/post central gyri posterior horn: occipital lobe inferior horn: temporal lobe collateral trigone: area where body,post,inf horn interesect ```
42
What is the 3rd ventricle?
unpaired space between the 2 halves of teh diencephalon, includes the choroid plexus
43
What is the interventricular formina (of monro)?
paired, connects each lateral ventricle (anterior horn) to the 3rd ventricle
44
What is the Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius?
ventntricular canal that resides wihting th midbrain, connecting the 3rd ventricles to the 4th ventricle
45
What is the 4th ventricle?
unpaired chamber, includes the choroid plexus, cerebellum forms the roof, the pons and medulla form the floor (rhomboid fossa)
46
What is the foramina of lushka?
they are lateral aperatures that are paired and connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space (pontine cistern) at the pontomedullocerebellar angle.
47
What is the foramen of magendie?
it is a median aperature that is unpaired. It connects the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space (cistern magna)
48
What is the cisterna magna?
it is a cerebellomedullary cistern that is found between the cerebellum and the medulla.
49
What is the order of CSF flow?
Lateral ventricles-->foramen of monro-->3rd ventricle-->cerebral aqueduct-->4th ventricle-->median and lateral appertures (luskha/megendie)-->subarachnoid space-->resorbed into blood at the arachnoid villi
50
What is hydrocephalus?
accumulation of excess CSF
51
What kinds of hydrocephalus are there?
- obstructive: obstruction of CSF circulation out of ventricles (ie tumor) that results in the increase of CSF upstream of the obstruction - Communicating: accumulation of excess CSF in the enitre system, internal and external to the brain. - external : excess CSF only in the subarachnoid space (senile dementia)
52
What is the clinical significance of hydrocephalus?
increase in CSF pressure can lead to anatomical and fxnl damage to neural structures leading to various neurological deficits
53
What is papilladema?
increase CSF constricting the optic nerve
54
What are the brain structures that border the ventricles?
Caudate nucleus, amygdala, hippocampus, fornix
55
What is the caudate nucleus involved in?
motor control, lies against lateral ventricle
56
Describes the caudate nucleus
head of the caudate is in the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, the body is in the lateral wall of the body of the lateral ventricle and the tail of the caudate is in the roof of the inferior horn
57
What is the amygdala involved in?
emotions, behaviour, memory, autonomic and endocrine changes associated with emotional changes. (limbic system)
58
What does the amygdala look like?
size and shape of an almond, positioned just beyond the tip of the inferior hon of the lateral ventricle and the tail of the caudate.
59
What is the hippocampus?
gray matter structure that is involved in memory and emotions.
60
Where is the hippocampus?
the hippocampus lies along the floor of the interior horn of the lateral ventricle in the temporal lobe
61
What is the fornix?
it is the white matter fibers that emerge from the hippocampus and project to the diencephalon (hypothalamus)
62
What is the corpus striatum?
it is gray matter positioned deep in each hemisphere. involved in motor control
63
What are the 2 parts of the corpus striatum
1. caudate nucleus 2. lenticular nucleus (globus pallidus--medial and putamen--lateral)
64
What is the internal capsule?
white matter fibers that provide connections to and from neurons of the cerebral cortex. 3 parts: anterior limb, genu and posterior limb
65
What is the septum pellucidum?
it is the partition that seperates anterior horns of the lateral ventricles.
66
What is interthalamic adhesion?
massa intermedia: gray matter that connects the right and left halves of the thalamus
67
What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?
cervical (C4-T1)--accomodate BP and lumbosacral (L2-S3)--lower extermities accomodation / conus medularis at L1-2
68
What fissures and sulci are there in the SC?
-ventral median fissure, dorsal median fissure, Paired: ventral lateral sulci (ventral rootlets), dorsal lateral sulci (dorsal rootlets), dorsal intermediate (t6 and above)
69
Where is the white matter found in the spinal cord? What is it made up of?
peripherally around the gray matter. includes the ascending and descending fibers. White matter has three anatomical divisions.
70
What are the posterior or dorsal funiculi/columns?
they are paired (R+L) bordered by the dorsal median sulcus and the lateral dorsal lateral sulcus. they extend the entire length of the cord and are primarily composed of ascending fibers.
71
What are lateral funiculi?
they are paired left and right. bordered by a dorsal lateral sulcus and the ventral lateral sulcus, it includes both ascending and descending fibers.
72
What are ventral/anterior funiculi?
they are paired (left and right). bordered by the ventromedial fissure and a ventrolateral sulcus. it includes both ascending and descending fibers.
73
What is a fasciculus?
it is a bundle of fibers that have a similar origin, course, termination and function. ascending: sensory, carry info TO CNS descending: motor, carry info AWAY
74
What are 5 major fasciculi of the cord?
dorsal lateral tract, fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, spinothalmic tract, anterior white commisures.
75
What is the dorsal lateral tract?
aka lissauers tract. located at the dorsal lateral sulcus zone, made up of ascending/descending fibers that travel short distances along the cord (1-2, upto 4 segments)
76
What is the fasciculus gracilis?
it extends along the entire length of the cord, below T6, it is positioned between the dorsal median sulcus / dorsal lateral and above T6, it is between dorsal median sulcus and the dorsal intermediate sulcus. it is a major ascending pathway.
77
What is the fasciculus cuneatus?
it is positioned between the dorsal intermediate sulcus and the dorsal lateral sulcus. present only in T6 and above in dorsal funiculus. major ascending pathway.
78
What is the spinothalamic tract?
it is part of the anterolateral system. extends the entire length of the cord, located in white mater and is a major ascending pathway.
79
What are anterior white commisures?
decussating (crossing) fibers that contribute to the spinothalamic tract.
80
What is the gray matter of the spinal cord?
it is distributed within the central part of the cord in an H shape. made up of neuronal cell bodies, neurounal processes and neuroglial cell processes.
81
Described the posterior or dorsal horns
paired, primarily sensory neurons
82
Describe the anterior and vental horns
paired and primarily motor
83
Describe the intermediate zone
gray matter that extends from one side, across midline to opposite side. includes the gray commisures that surround the central canal. includes sensory neurons and interneurons.
84
Describe the lateral horn
extends only from T1 to L1/2 cord segments and is positioned in the lateral part of the intermediate zone. it is made up of preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
85
Describes features of the lumbosacral cord segment
gray matter>>>>white matter. (related to innervation of the lower extremity)
86
Describe the features of the thoracic cord segment
white matter>>>> gray matter
87
Describe the cervical cord segment
white matter and gray matter both VERY HIGH. related to inervation of the upper extemity.
88
Describe the DRG.
it is the spinal nerve ganglion that is pseudounipolar or unipolat and has peripheral (r/c to CB)/central process (CB to CNS)
89
Describe the concept of wiring in the spinal cord
axons have collateral branching, ascending and descending fibers are found in the axons, fibers decussate, interneurons are found (small make local connections)
90
How many lamina are there in the spinal cord and how are they arranged?
lamina are longitudinal columns of neurons along a spinal cord. size and distribution of the laminae vary at different cord levels.
91
Describe lamina I
thing layer located at tip of dorsal horn receive incoming dorsal root fibers, neurons project some axons to contralateral spinothalmic tract
92
Describe lamina II
substantia gelatinosa (AKA) receives dorsal root fibers and descending fibers. important interneurons- esp for pain modification. Axons of these neurons synapse on neurons of other laminae in adjacent cord segments
93
Describe lamie III
interneurons
94
Describe lamina 4
receive input from dorsal root fibers, important in tract cells that contribute fibers to the contralateral spinothalamic tract
95
Describe lamina 5/6
located at the base of the dorsal hord and receives dorsal root fibers and must input from descending fibers. Some are interneurons and include tract cells taht contribute to ST tract. Neurons of lamina 5-6= nucleus proprius
96
Describe lamina 7
largest area made up of the intermediate zone and part of the ventral horn. some are interneurons, there are 4 nuclear cell columns in lamina 7: intermediolateral(medialis) / nuclea dorsalis and sacral autonomic nucleus
97
Describe each nucleus found in lamina 7 (location in cord segment and function)
intermediolateral nucleus: T1-L2. function: preganglionic sympathetic (MAKES UP LATERAL HORN) Interomediomedial: all cord segments fxn: visceral reflexes Nucleus Dorsalis: aka clarkes nucleus. cord segment: C8-L3 axonS234. fxn: preganglionic parasympathetics
98
Describe lamina 8
located medially in the ventral horn, mostly interneurons. receive input from the desending fibers. projects axons to lamina 7 and 9
99
Describe lamina 9
multiple cell colums embedded in laminae 7 and 8. neuron columns/ groups distributed medial to lateral. some function as interneurons. most are the motor neuron of the ventral horn. axons of these neurons exit via ventral roots and innervate the skeletal muscles. lamina 9 cells colums are positioned more medially innervate the muscles of the trunk and more laterally placed ones innervate the extemity muscles.
100
What are the special motor nuclei of lamina 9
phrenic nucleus: in cord segments 345. motor innervation to the diaphram spinal accessory nucleus: cord segments: C1-5. axons from the spinal root of the 11th cranial nerve. function: motor (trap and SCM)
101
describe lamina 10
area of gray commisures, mostly interneurons.
102
Describe lamina 9
multiple cell colums embedded in laminae 7 and 8. neuron columns/ groups distributed medial to lateral. some function as interneurons. most are the motor neuron of the ventral horn. axons of these neurons exit via ventral roots and innervate the skeletal muscles. lamina 9 cells colums are positioned more medially innervate the muscles of the trunk and more laterally placed ones innervate the extemity muscles.
103
What are the special motor nuclei of lamina 9
phrenic nucleus: in cord segments 345. motor innervation to the diaphram spinal accessory nucleus: cord segments: C1-5. axons from the spinal root of the 11th cranial nerve. function: motor (trap and SCM)
104
describe lamina 10
area of gray commisures, mostly interneurons.
105
Where do the dorsal rootlet fibers terminate?
lamina 1-6
106
What laminae make up the dorsal root horn
1-6
107
lamina 2 is aka and involved in what pathway
substantia gelatonious, pain modification
108
what contributes to the spinothalamic tract?
tract cells that resides primarily in laminae 4, 5,6 (some lamina 1)
109
What lamina motor neurons makes up the ventral horn?
lamina 9.
110
What lamina includes several specific nuclear groups?
lamina 7

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