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ASCI2120 Exam 4 > Quiz Questions > Flashcards

Quiz Questions Flashcards

1
Q

(Check all that apply) Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER), often referred to as “tying-up”, is a clinical syndrome characterized by painful muscle contractures with exercise and skeletal muscle fiber necrosis. This can be visualized in the urine sample as:
A) Cola- or tea-colored urine
B) High concentration of glucose in urine
C) High concentration of lipids in urine
D) High concentration of amino acids in urine

A

A and D

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2
Q

The correct pathway of urine formation is:
A) renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urethra
B) renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, urethra, ureter
C) renal papilla, major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, urethra, ureter
D) renal papilla, major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urethra

A

A

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3
Q

What is the correct flow of urine production?
A) Kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra
B) Bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra
C) Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
D) Urethra, bladder, kidney, ureter

A

C

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4
Q

Where is the urine produced?
A) The kidney
B) The ureter
C) The bladder
D) The ureter

A

A

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5
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence regarding the flow of waste products through the nephrons of the kidneys?
A) Glomerulus, PCT, collecting duct, DCT, loop of Henle
B) PCT, glomerulus, loop of Henle, collecting duct, DCT
C) loop of Henle, PCT, glomerulus, DCT, collecting duct
D) glomerulus, PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct

A

D) glomerulus, PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct

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6
Q

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the ______.
A) PCT
B) Loop of Henle
C) DCT
D) Renal corpuscle

A

B

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7
Q

Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the ______.
A) Loop of Henle
B) Glomerulus
C) DCT
D) PCT

A

D

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8
Q

Which part of the nephron is responsible for the secretion of hydrogen ions and potassium ions?
A) Glomerulus
B) PCT
C) DCT
D) Collecting duct

A

C

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9
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes ______ which is responsible for controlling blood pressure.

A

renin

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10
Q

Put the nephron units in the correct order
Renal corpuscle
DCT
Papillary duct
Ascending loop of Henle
Descending loop of Henle
PCT

A

1) Renal corpuscle
2) PCT
3) Descending loop of Henle
4) Ascending loop of Henle
5) DCT
6) Papillary duct

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11
Q

Match the urine formation steps with their corresponding functions.
1) Filtration
2) Reabsorption
3) Secretion
(A) Movement of molecules selectively out of the tubule and into the peritubular blood
(B) Movement of waste molecules out of the peritubular blood and into the tubule
(C) Blood pressure forces water and small solutes across membranes into capsular space

A

1) C
2) A
3) B

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12
Q

The glomerular filtration rate is mostly affected by the _______.

A

filtration pressure

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13
Q

True/False: Autoregulation of GFR involves changes in the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles in response to changes in blood pressure.

A

true

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14
Q

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on GFR?
A) Increases GFR by dilating afferent arterioles
B) Decreases GFR by constricting afferent arterioles
C) Increases GFR by constricting efferent arterioles
D) Has no effect on GFR

A

B

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15
Q

What is the primary purpose of sympathetic regulation of GFR?
A) To maintain a constant GFR despite changes in systemic blood pressure
B) To increase GFR during times of dehydration
C) To decrease GFR during times of stress or low blood pressure
D) To regulate the concentration of electrolytes in the urine

A

C

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16
Q

True/False: Increased sympathetic stimulation promotes drastic changes in the GFR provided by constriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles.

A

False

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17
Q

(Check all that apply) Regarding the reabsorption and secretion of the nephron, it can be stated that:
A) It happens only by active transport
B) It happens in different segments
C) It only happens in the renal corpuscle
D) Both diffuse into peritubular capillaries

A

B and D

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18
Q

(Check all that apply) About the loop of Henle, it can be stated that:
A) It is only permeable to water in the descending limb
B) It can resorb water in different segments
C) The thick ascending limb is only permeable to solutes
D) The ascending limb can secrete renin

A

A and C

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19
Q

How does the countercurrent multiplier system contribute to the establishment of the osmotic gradient in the kidney?
A) By actively pumping sodium ions out of the collecting duct
B) By facilitating passive diffusion of water across the loop of Henle
C) By creating a concentration gradient of calcium in the renal medulla
D) By promoting reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

B

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20
Q

Match the osmolarity value of the filtrate/urine with its corresponding passage in the collecting system:
1) PCT
2) Thin descending limb
3) Thick ascending limb
(A) 1000 mOsm/L
(B) 100 mOsm/L
(C) 300 mOsm/L

A

1) C
2) A
3) B

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21
Q

Match the urine control hormone with its corresponding function:
1) Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
2) Aldosterone
3) Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
(A) Controls water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
(B) Controls sodium ion pumps in the thick ascending limb
(C) Promotes loss of sodium in urine

A

1) A
2) B
3) C

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22
Q

Which of the following conditions would stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
A) Hypotension
B) Hypertension
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Hypoglycemia

A

A

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23
Q

Which of these correctly orders the structures through which air passes during inhalation
A) pharynx > trachea > larynx > bronchi
B) pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi
C) larynx > pharynx > bronchi > trachea
D) larynx > pharynx > trachea > bronchi

A

B

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24
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in the lung?
A) trachea
B) alveolar duct
C) bronchial free
D) alveoli

A

D

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25
Q

The main force causing the exhalation of air is the _________.
A) contraction of diaphragm
B) relaxation of diaphragm
C) intercostal muscle contraction
D) intercostal muscle relaxation

A

B

26
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in atmospheric air?
A) 760 mmHg
B) 21%
C) 159.6 mmHg
D) 100 mmHg

A

C

27
Q

Which of the following factors favors an increase in breathing rate?
A) increased blood oxygen
B) increased blood carbon dioxide
C) increased pH
D) decreased blood carbon dioxide

A

B

28
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen is highest in which of the following structures?
A) alveoli
B) pulmonary arteries
C) pulmonary veins
D) systemic arteries

A

A

29
Q

Which of the following factors does not affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?
A) pH
B) temperature
C) partial pressure of CO2
D) partial pressure of O2

A

C

30
Q

Which respiratory center in the brainstem primarily controls the basic rhythm of breathing?
A) medulla oblongata
B) pons
C) cerebellum
D) hypothalamus

A

A

31
Q

True/False: surfactant is a substance produced by alveolar cells that decreases surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse.

A

False

32
Q

Put the pulmonary cycle in the correct order:
Intrapleural pressure is negative
Air flows into the lungs to equalize atmospheric pressure
Inspiratory muscles contract
Lungs distend
Thoracic cavity expands
Transpulmonary pressure increases
Alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure

A

1) Inspiratory muscles contract
2) Thoracic cavity expands
3) Intrapleural pressure is negative
4) Transpulmonary pressure increases
5) Lungs distend
6) Alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure
7) Air flows into the lungs to equalize atmospheric pressure

33
Q

Which respiratory volume represents the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation?
A) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
B) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
C) Tidal volume (TV)
D) Vital capacity (VC)

A

B

34
Q

Match the respiratory rhythmicity center with its corresponding function:
(A) Inspiratory Center (Dorsal Respiratory Group or DRG)
(B) Expiratory Center (Ventral Respiratory Group or VRG)
1) Functions mainly in forced breathing
2) Controls diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
3) Controls internal intercostal muscles and others
4) Involuntary

A

1) B
2) A
3) B
4) A

35
Q

The _________ in the carotid and aortic bodies sense the systemic blood pressure and affects the respiratory centers.

A

Baroceptors

36
Q

Match the ventilatory controls with their corresponding units:
1) Sensors
2) Respiratory control centers
3) Effectors
(A) Peripheral and central chemoreceptors, pulmonary mechanoreceptors
(B) Medulla, pons
(C) Respiratory muscles, diaphragm

A

1) A
2) B
3) C

37
Q

Which of the following is a function of the surfactant in alveoli?
A) facilitating gas exchange
B) preventing alveolar collapse
C) increasing surface tension
D) promoting mucus production

A

B

38
Q

During inspiration, the diaphragm:
A) contracts and moves upward
B) relaxes and moves downward
C) contracts and moves downward
D) relaxes and moves upward

A

A

39
Q

(Check all that apply) Which of the following are functions of the respiratory system?
A) gas exchange
B) regulation of blood pH
C) production of enzymes
D) protection against pathogens

A

All of the above

40
Q

True/False: Eupnea and hyperpnea are both types of abnormal breathing patterns.

A

false

41
Q

Which respiratory disorder is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing and shortness of breath?
A) asthma
B) pneumonia
C) emphysema
D) bronchitis

A

A

42
Q

During forced expiration, intra-alveolar pressure:
A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains unchanged
D) fluctuates

A

A

43
Q

The correct sequence of sperm ejaculation is?
A) Testis, vas deferens, epididymis, urethra, penis
B) Testis, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis
C) Epididymis, testis, urethra, vas deferens, penis

A

B

44
Q

Leydig (interstitial) cells are located:
A) In all the male accessory reproductive organs
B) Interspersed among developing sperm cells in seminiferous tubules
C) Lining the epididymis and ductus deferens
D) In spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules

A

D

45
Q

This carries the egg to the uterus:
A) Fallopian tube
B) Cervix
C) Ovary
D) Vagina

A

A

46
Q

Which statement about the ovarian follicles is true?
A) They are present in the ovary since birth
B) They are formed in the ovary at puberty
C) Monthly, a single ovarian follicle matures
D) They produce progesterone

A

A

47
Q

Which stage of the estrous cycle does ovulation occur?
A) Proestrus
B) Estrus
C) Metestrus
D) Diestrus

A

B

48
Q

Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation in females?
A) Estrogen
B) FSH
C) LH
D) Progesterone

A

C

49
Q

What is the primary function of the epididymis in males?
A) Production of testosterone
B) Storage and maturation of sperm
C) Production of seminal fluid
D) Secretion of luteinizing hormone

A

B

50
Q

Put the uterine control of luteolysis in the correct order:
Luteolysis
Decline of progesterone
Secretion of uterine prostaglandin
High progesterone from corpus luteum
Increase of FSH and LH

A

1) High progesterone from corpus luteum
2) Secretion of uterine prostaglandin
3) Luteolysis
4) Decline of progesterone
5) Increase of FSH and LH

51
Q

True/False: Menses, which refers to the shedding of the uterine lining, occurs in many mammalian species, including humans, some primates, bats, and elephants. However, not all mammals experience menses; some undergo different reproductive cycles, such as estrous cycles, where the uterine lining is reabsorbed rather than shed.

A

true

52
Q

Sertoli cell tumors can produce _______ leading to clinical signs of feminization in intact male dogs.

A

estrogen

53
Q

Match the hormone or gland with its role in the regulation of testis function:
1) Testosterone
2) FSH
3) LH
4) Hypothalamus
5) Adenohypophysis
(A) Releases FSH and LH
(B) Targets Sertoli cells to support sperm maturation
(C) Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
(D) Secretes GnRH
(E) Stimulates spermatogenesis

A

1) C
2) B
3) E
4) D
5) A

54
Q

True/False: Neutering results in an initial increase in FSH and LH by the adenohypophysis.

A

true

55
Q

________ is the structural and functional degradation of the corpus luteum, which occurs at the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of pregnancy.

A

Luteolysis

56
Q

How does progesterone-based estrus synchronization typically work?
A) By inhibiting ovulation
B) By inducing estrus behavior
C) By synchronizing follicular growth
D) By suppressing estradiol production

A

C

57
Q

True/False: Unlike nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, mitochondrial DNA is usually inherited only from our mothers.

A

true

58
Q

Put the ovarian cycle in the correct order:
Formation of primary follicles
Formation of corpus luteum
Degeneration of corpus luteum (if fertilization did not occur)
Formation of tertiary follicles
Formation of secondary follicles
Ovulation (release of secondary oocyte)

A

1) Formation of primary follicles
2) Formation of secondary follicles
3) Formation of tertiary follicles
4) Ovulation
5) Formation of corpus luteum
6) Degeneration of corpus luteum

59
Q

True/False: There is no difference between the seasonal aspects of the reproductive cycle of domestic animals.

A

false

60
Q

The ovarian cycle can be divided into the ___(1)___ phase (preovulatory) and the ___(2)___ phase (postovulatory).

A

1) follicular
2) luteal

61
Q
A

ASCI2120 Exam 4 (5 decks)

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