quiz questions Flashcards by casey kozak

Choose the correct statement:

The head is inferior to the neck
The forearm is superior to the arm
The abdomen is superior to the throat
The leg is inferior to the knee
A wristwatch is worn on the arm

The leg is inferior to the knee

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Choose the correct statement:

A mid sagittal plane divides the body into equal upper and lower halves
Superior and inferior are terms that describe structures relative to a coronal plane.
Anterior and dorsal are synonymous terms.
The thumb is lateral to the pinkie
In the anatomic position, the feet are hips width apart and the palms face backwards.

The thumb is lateral to the pinkie

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Choose the correct statement about epithelial tissue:

Epithelium is one of four tissues that makes up an organ system
Epithelium functions as a nonselective barrier
Epithelium sits inside of loose connective tissue
Epithelium is avascular
Epithelium covers only internal surfaces of the body

Epithelium is avascular

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Choose the correct statement about connective tissue:

Dense connective tissue directly underlies epithelial tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue forms tendons of muscles
Bone and cartilage are specialized connective tissue
Connective tissue can be distinguished from smooth muscle with a Hematoxylin & Eosin stain
Both loose and dense irregular connective tissue contains collagen, but not elastic fibers

Bone and cartilage are specialized connective tissue

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Which of the following statements is correct?

Skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated
Somatic nerves regulate how cardiac muscle contracts
Autonomic nerves innervate skeletal muscle
Nociception is muscle position sense
Skeletal and smooth muscle are under voluntary control

skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated

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Which of the following statements regarding the nervous system are correct?

A spinal nerve is formed when a dorsal root joins a ventral root
The dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves branch off of the spinal nerve far from the spinal cord segment
The central nervous system consists of cranial and spinal nerves
There are more cranial nerves than spinal nerves
All branches of each spinal nerve have either motor or sensory axons, but not both.

a spinal nerve is formed when a dorsal root joins a ventral root

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Which of the following statements concerning spinal nerves is correct?

Dorsal rami and ventral rami of the same spinal nerve innervate an individual dermatome and a myotome
All of the neuron cell bodies of the dorsal root are inside the spinal cord.
Dorsal rami do not innervate skeletal muscle.
All of the neuron cell bodies of a ventral root are in a ventral root ganglion.
Intercostal nerves are dorsal rami that innervate muscles on the dorsal thoracic wall

Dorsal rami and ventral rami of the same spinal nerve innervate an individual dermatome and a myotome

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Thalamus makes up which of the following brain vesicles?

Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Telencephalon

diencephalon

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Which structure divides the frontal and parietal lobes on lateral view of the cerebral hemisphere?

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Corpus callosum
Transverse fissure

central sulcus

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Which of the following is not part of the basal nuclei?

caudate nucleus
limbic lobe
putamen
globus pallidus

limbic lobe

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Which part of the cerebellum is involved in control of balance and smooth execution of conjugate eye movements?

Cerebrocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
Pontocerebellum

Vestibulocerebellum

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Which of the following correctly pairs the part of the cerebellum with its action?

Paravermal hemisphere and movement of hand
Lateral hemisphere and movement of chest
Paravermal hemisphere and movement of shoulder
Vermis and movement of foot

paravermal hemisphere and movement of hand

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Which are the only neurons in the cerebellar cortex that send axons out of the cortex?

Granule cells
Stellate cells
Purkinje cells
Basket cells

Purkinje cells

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Which are the only neurons in the cerebellar cortex that are excitatory?

Stellate cells
Granule cells
Basket cells
Purkinje cells

Granule cells

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What are the two types of input that enter the cerebellum?

Parallel fibers and granule cells
Mossy fibers and Purkinje cells
Stellate cells and basket cells
Climbing fibers and mossy fibers

climbing fibers and mossy fibers

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Where do Purkinje cells synapse?

Upper motor neurons
Granule cell layer
Molecular layer
Deep cerebellar nuclei

deep cerebellar nuclei

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Which of the following statements is FALSE about parallel fibers?

Mossy fibers provide indirect excitatory input through parallel fiber axons.
They do NOT arise from the inferior olivary nucleus.
They produce a steady stream of simple spikes in Purkinje cell axons.
Each Purkinje cell receives only a single parallel fiber.

Each Purkinje cells receives only a single parallel fiber

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Where do climbing fibers arise from?

Ipsilateral inferior olivary nuclei
Contralateral superior olivary nuclei
Ipsilateral inferior olivary nuclei
Contralateral inferior olivary nuclei

Contralateral inferior olivary nuclei

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Which of the following statements is TRUE about Clarke’s nucleus?

Small unmyelinated axons from the lower limbs synapse on Clarke’s nucleus.
Its axons project to the contralateral cerebellum.
It receives information from the upper limbs.
It is found in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord (T1-L3)

It is found in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord (T1-L3)

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Which of the following correctly pairs the Purkinje cells’ location and its projection?

Axons in the vermis project to the dentate nucleus.
Axons in the vermis project to the fastigial nucleus.
Axons in the intermediate hemisphere project to the dentate nucleus.
Axons in the lateral hemisphere project to the fastigial nucleus.

axons in the vermis project to the fastigial nucleus

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Where do the axons from the dentate and interposed nuclei terminate?

Ventral medial nucleus
Ventral lateral nucleus
Secondary motor cortex
Primary motor cortex

Ventral lateral nucleus

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The left side of the cerebellum promotes…

no movement of any limb muscles
smooth execution of left limb muscles
smooth execution of right limb muscles
only inhibition of left limb muscles

smooth execution of left limb muscles

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Which of the following is NOT due to a lesion of the cerebellar hemispheres?

Dysmetria
Intention tremor
Dysdiadochokinesis
Motor ataxia

motor ataxia

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Which test would best identify if someone has a cerebellar hemisphere lesion?

Reflex testing
Finger-to-nose testing
Lift-off-chair testing
Romberg sign testing

finger-to-nose testing

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Why do alcoholics experience motor ataxia due to thiamine deficiency? - Effect on anterior vermis - Effect on lateral cerebellar hemispheres - Effect on flocculonodular lobe - Effect on pontocerebellum

effect on anterior vermis

What is the major bundle of axons that separates the caudate nucleus from the putamen? - Subthalamic nuclei - Globus pallidus - Internal capsule - Nucleus accumbens

internal capsule

Which of the following correctly pairs the part of the substantia nigra with its main type of neurons? - Compact part and dopamine - Reticular part and glutamate - Compact part and GABA - Reticular part and dopamine

compact part and dopamine

What is the major role of the basal ganglia? - Smooth execution of movement - Initiation of desired movement - Voluntary muscle contraction - Motor planning

initiation of desire movement

Which component of the basal ganglia is NOT part of the direct pathway? - Globus pallidus internal segment - Putamen - Thalamus - Globus pallidus external segment

globus pallidus external segment

Which of the following best illustrates the direct pathway's laterality? Right cerebral cortex, Left basal ganglia, Left thalamus, Left UMN, Left LMN, Left muscle Right cerebral cortex, Right basal ganglia, Right thalamus, Right UMN, Left LMN, Left muscle Right cerebral cortex, Right basal ganglia, Right thalamus, Left UMN, Left LMN, Left muscle Right cerebral cortex, Right basal ganglia, Left thalamus, Left UMN, Left LMN, Left muscle

Right cerebral cortex. Right basal ganglia. Right thalamus. Right UMN. Left LMN. Left muscle.

Which of the following statements best describes Parkinson's disease? ALL cases of Parkinson's have bilateral involvement of the substantia nigra. They mainly experience an intention tremor instead of a "pill-rolling" tremor. It is caused by the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The motor cortex is overactive in those with Parkinson's disease.

It is caused by the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

Each of the following can be found in Huntington's disease EXCEPT: - Athetosis - Involuntary movements - Chorea - Hemiballismus

Hemiballismus

A lesion to the right subthalamic nucleus would classically lead to: Violent projectile movements of the right leg Slow writhing movements of the right hand. Slow writhing movements of the left hand Violent projectile movements of the left leg

Violent projectile movements of the left leg

Which of the following neurons are NOT part of the indirect basal ganglia pathway? Glutamatergic neurons in subthalamic nucleus GABA neurons in caudate nucleus GABA neurons in globus pallidus internal segment Dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

Dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

``` Which of the following cranial nerves arises from the brain stem? I XI III II ```

III

``` Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT a mixed nerve? III VII X V ```

III

The fourth ventricle overlies which part of the brain stem? - The pons and upper medulla - The lower medulla - The superior and inferior colliculi - The midbrain

The pons and upper medulla

``` A lesion to the descending hypothalamic fibers on the right side would result in: Increased blood pressure A constricted right pupil A droop of left eyelid Increased facial sweating ```

A constricted right pupil

``` How does the corticospinal tract travel in the brain stem? Ascends laterally Descends laterally Descends medially Ascends medially ```

Descends medially

``` If a patient has a right upper motor neuron lesion, he/she may demonstrate all of the following except: Hyperactive muscle stretch reflexes Weakness in the right limbs Weakness in the left limbs Babinski sign ```

Weakness in the right limbs

Which two tracts are always in a lateral vascular territory in the brain stem? Descending hypothalamic and corticospinal tracts Medial lemniscus and descending hypothalamic tract. Spinothalamic and corticospinal tracts Spinothalamic and descending hypothalamic tracts

Spinothalamic and descending hypothalamic tracts

What is different about the medial lemniscus compared to the other tracts? It starts out laterally and moves medially as it ascends. It is part of a 3 neuron pathway that carries pain and temperature information. It changes its vascular territory as it ascends the brain stem. It is purely a motor tract.

It changes vascular territory as it ascends the brain stem

``` Lesions to each of the following would cause deficits contralateral to the lesion except: Corticospinal tract Medial lemniscus Descending hypothalamic fibers Spinothalamic tract ```

Descending hypothalamic fibers

Which of the following is a true statement? The alar plate and sensory neurons are medial. The basal plate and motor neurons are lateral. The alar plate and motor neurons are medial. The basal plate and motor neurons are medial.

The basal plate and motor neurons are medial

``` A medial brain stem vascular syndrome would affect which cranial nerve? CN VIII CN V CN VII CN VI ```

CN VI

``` All of the following are mixed cranial nerves except: Hypoglossal Trigeminal Vagus Glossopharyngeal ```

Hypoglossal

``` The only dorsally exiting cranial nerve from the brain stem is: Trochlear nerve Accessory Glossopharyngeal Hypoglossal ```

Trochlear nerve

``` All of the following can be found in the caudal medulla except: Reticular formation Inferior olivary nuclei Nucleus cuneatus Nucleus gracillis ```

Inferior olivary nuclei

``` The abducens nucleus is located in the: Caudal medulla Lower midbrain Caudal pons Rostral medulla ```

Caudal pons

Medially, the brain stem contains: Discontinuous columns of functionally different nuclei Discontinuous columns of functionally similar nuclei Continuous columns of functionally similar nuclei Continuous columns of functionally different nuclei

Discontinuous columns of functionally similar nuclei

``` The four somatic nuclei in the most medial functional column belong to CNs: III, VII, IX, and X III, IV, VI, and XII III, IV, V, and VI IV, VI, X, and XII ```

III, IV, VI, XII

``` Which type of nucleus can be found in every brain stem section due to its continuity? Solitary Trigeminal Cochlear Vestibular ```

Trigeminal

At the pyramidal decussation, fibers belonging to which tract(s) cross? Spinothalamic Descending hypothalamic Descending hypothalamic and spinothalamic Corticospinal

Corticospinal

What is a distinguishing characteristic of the caudal "closed" medulla vs the rostral "open" medulla? The closed medulla is below the level of all cranial nerve nuclei. The closed medulla is below the level of the fourth ventricle. The open medulla is above the level of the fourth ventricle. The open medulla does not contain the inferior olivary nuclei.

The closed medulla is below the level of the fourth ventricle.

``` This cranial nerve is shown in the rostral medulla exiting the brainstem most medially: X XII IX VII ```

XII

``` The "ventral bulge" is found in: only caudal pons none of the pons sections only rostral pons all pons sections ```

all pons sections

Which of the following is true about the course of cranial nerves in the caudal pons? The abducens nerve travels around the facial nucleus. The facial nerve travels around the abducens nucleus. The facial nerve travels around the vestibular nucleus. The vestibular nerve travels around the abducens nucleus.

The facial nerve travels around the abducens nucleus

From the pontine nuclei, the pontine fibers travel: To the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle. To the contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle. To the ipsilateral middle cerebellar peduncle. To the contralateral middle cerebral peduncle.

To the contralateral middle cerebral peduncle

``` Which of the following is ONLY found in midbrain myelin stained sections? Pyramidal decussation Middle cerebral peduncles Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle ```

Cerebral aqueduct

Which two neural tracts travel together ONLY in the midbrain and NOT in pons or medulla? Medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts Descending hypothalamic and spinothalamic tracts Corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts Medial lemniscus and corticospinal tracts

Medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts

``` Which of the following is NOT found in UPPER midbrain sections? Cerebral peduncles Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal Trochlear nucleus Superior colliculi ```

Trochlear nucleus

``` Leakage of clear fluid from the nose may indicate a traumatic injury to the: Inferior nasal concha Nasal vestibule Cribriform plate Nares ```

Cribriform plate

Which of the following statements is FALSE about a lesion to CN II? It may indicate that the patient has multiple sclerosis. The patient would not be able to respond appropriately to light. It can result in dysosmia. It can result in visual field deficits.

It can result in dysosmia

``` Which of the following correctly pairs the component of vestibulocochlear nerve with its function? Cochlear component and gravity Cochlear component and head turning Vestibular component and balance Vestibular component and hearing ```

Vestibular component and balance

Which of the following is true for CNs III, IV AND VI? All of their nuclei can be found in the midbrain. The medial longitudinal fasciculus contains information from all three nerves. All cranial nerves innervate muscles involved with pupillary constriction. They all enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure.

They all enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure

``` Which two nerves control horizontal movement of each eye? CNs III and VI CNs IV and VI CNs II and III CNs III and IV ```

CNs III and VI

``` All of the following vertical eye muscles are innervated by CN III EXCEPT: Inferior rectus Superior oblique Superior rectus Inferior oblique ```

Superior oblique

``` All of the following would indicate lesions of the oculomotor nerve except: Loss of near response Diplopia with internal stabismus Dilated pupil Ptosis ```

Dipolopia with internal strabismus

What is the most prominent clinical finding of a trochlear nerve lesion? Weakness looking up with eye adducted Weakness looking down with eye abducted Weakness looking up with eye abducted Weakness looking down with eye adducted

Weakness looking down with eye adducted

What would be the result of an injury to the carotid plexus on internal carotid artery? Constricted pupil due to disruption of parasympathetics. Constricted pupil due to disruption of sympathetics Dilated pupil due to disruption of sympathetics. Dilated pupil due to disruption of parasympathetics.

Constricted pupil due to disruption of sympathetics

The axons that course in the medial longitudinal fasciculus may convey information: From the left abducens nucleus to the left oculomotor nucleus to abduct the left eye. From the left abducens nucleus to the right oculomotor nucleus to abduct the right eye. From the left abducens nucleus to the left oculomotor nucleus to adduct the left eye. From the left abducens nucleus to the right oculomotor nucleus to adduct the right eye.

From the left abducens nucleus to the right oculomotor nucleus to adduct the right eye

A lesion to the right medial longitudinal fasciculus would inhibit: Right eye adduction AND left eye abduction on attempted gaze to left. Right eye adduction on attempted gaze to left AND when converging eyes in near response. Right eye from adduction on attempted gaze to left Right eye adduction only when converging eyes in near response.

Right eye from adduction on attempted gaze to left

Deficits in saccadic eye movement that are only temporary can be due to: Lesion of either the frontal eye field or inferior colliculus. Lesion of either the frontal eye field or superior colliculus. Lesion of both the frontal eye field and inferior colliculus. Lesion of both the frontal eye field and superior colliculus.

Lesion of either the frontal eye field or superior colliculus.

``` All of the following may result from a lesion of the vagus nerve except: Loss of palate elevation Loss of gag reflex Jaw deviation towards affected side Uvula deviation to side opposite lesion ```

Jaw deviation towards affected side

``` The only motor function of the glossopharyngeal nerve is control of which muscle: Mylohyoid Tensor veli palatini Stylopharyngeus Cricothyroid ```

Stylopharyngeus

``` Involvement of which cranial nerve would result in Bell's palsy (characterized by an inability to move facial muscles)? Glossopharyngeal nerve Facial nerve Trigeminal nerve Vagus nerve ```

facial nerve

Which of the following is false about CN XI? It can be referred to as "misplaced" cervical spinal cord nerve. A lesion would result in difficulty raising shoulders. A lesion would result in weakness turning chin to the same side of lesion. CN XI innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

A lesion would result in weakness turning chin to the same side of lesion

If a patient has a left hypoglossal nerve lesion: The tip of the tongue will deviate towards left. The jaw will deviate towards left. The jaw will deviate towards right. The tip of the tongue will deviate towards right.

The tip of tongue will deviate towards left

``` Which of the following physical exam maneuvers would be most useful to differentiate an oculomotor nerve lesion from Horner’s syndrome? Check for presence of ptosis Touch cornea with cotton swab Assess pupil size Ask patient to close eyes ```

Assess pupil size

Which of the following differentiates central Horner's from peripheral Horner's? In Central Horner's, there is a contralateral loss of limb and trunk pain and temperature. In Peripheral Horner's, there is a ipsilateral loss of limb and trunk vibration and proprioception. In Peripheral Horner's, there is a contralateral loss of limb and trunk vibration and proprioception. In Central Horner's, there is an ipsilateral loss of limb and trunk pain and temperature.

In Central Horner's, there is a contralateral loss of limb and trunk pain and temperature

``` All of the following would cause only peripheral Horner's except: Cervical spinal cord lesion Internal carotid dissection Apical lung tumor Thoracic outlet syndrome ```

Cervical spinal cord lesion

# Fill in the blanks: Lower motor neurons in the (1) nucleus receive bilateral corticobulbar innervation for (2). (1) Trigeminal motor (2) Muscles of mastication (2) Facial motor (2) Muscles of lower face (1) Accessory (2) Trapezius (1) Accessory (2) Sternocleidomastoid

1. trigeminal motor 2. muscles of mastication

Lesions to which of the following would cause RIGHT upper facial muscle weakness? Corticobulbar fibers out of left motor cortex Left facial nerve after the facial nucleus. Corticobulbar fibers out of right motor cortex Right facial nerve after the facial nucleus

Right facial nerve after the facial nucleus

The corticobulbar innervation to the accessory nucleus allows for the: Head to turn towards the side of contracting upper limb. Head to turn towards the side of contracting lower limb. Head to turn towards the side of relaxing upper limb. Head to turn away from the side of contracting upper limb.

Head to turn towards the side of contracting upper limb

Which of the following correctly shows how the trigeminal system conveys facial pain and temperature? Trigeminal ganglion--> spinal tract--> main sensory nucleus of V--> medial lemniscus--> VPM thalamus Trigeminal ganglion--> main sensory nucleus of V--> spinothalamic tract--> VPM thalamus Trigeminal ganglion--> spinal tract--> spinal nucleus of V--> spinothalamic tract--> VPM thalamus Trigeminal ganglion--> spinal nucleus of V--> medial lemniscus--> VPM thalamus

Trigeminal ganglion--> spinal tract--> spinal nucleus of V--> spinothalamic tract--> VPM thalamus

``` All of the following nerves send taste information to the solitary nucleus except: CN VII CN IX CN X CN V ```

CN V

``` Which of the following correctly pairs the trigeminal nucleus with the type of information? Main nucleus and proprioception Spinal nucleus and facial touch Spinal nucleus and proprioception Main nucleus and facial touch ```

main nucleus and facial touch

Most commonly, the brain stem lesion results in a: Contralateral long tract sign with a contralateral cranial nerve sign. Ipsilateral long tract sign with an contralateral cranial nerve sign. Contralateral long tract sign with an ipsilateral cranial nerve sign. Ipsilateral long tract sign with an ipsilateral cranial nerve sign.

Contralateral long tract sign with an ipsilateral cranial nerve sign

``` A medial vascular syndrome in the rostral medulla most commonly involves the: Anterior spinal artery Posterior cerebral artery Posterior inferior cerebellar artery Anterior inferior cerebellar artery ```

anterior spinal artery

Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg's syndrome) would result in all of the following EXCEPT: Alteration or loss of taste from the tongue Loss of pain and temperature sensation in limbs and trunk ipsilateral to the lesion. Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing)

Loss of pain and temperature sensation in limbs and trunk ipsilateral to the lesion

"Inferior alternating hemiplegia" in a medial medullary syndrome refers to: A spastic weakness in limbs ipsilateral to lesion and tongue weakness contralateral to lesion A loss of touch vibration and pressure in limbs contralateral to lesion and tongue weakness contralateral to lesion A spastic weakness in limbs contralateral to lesion and tongue weakness ipsilateral to lesion A loss of touch vibration and pressure in limbs ipsilateral to lesion and tongue weakness contralateral to lesion.

a spastic weakness in limbs contralateral to lesion and tongue weakness ipsilateral to lesion

Lesions of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts AND the oculomotor nerve can be due to: Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in medial midbrain syndrome Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in lateral midbrain syndrome Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery in lateral midbrain syndrome Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery in medial midbrain syndrome

Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery in medial midbrain syndrome

Which of the following correctly traces how sound is transmitted in the ear? External auditory meatus--> tympanic membrane--> oval window--> malleus, incus, and stapes External auditory meatus--> oval window--> tympanic membrane External auditory meatus--> tympanic membrane--> malleus, incus, stapes --> oval window Tympanic membrane--> external auditory meatus--> oval window

External auditory meatus--> tympanic membrane--> malleus, incus, stapes--> oval window

Which of the following is INCORRECT about conductive hearing loss? It is due to a loss of amplification provided by middle ear. Air conduction is better than bone conduction A patient will hear vibrations better on the side of the defective middle ear. A common cause in children is a middle ear infection.

Air conduction is better than bone conduction

Which of the following correctly pairs the component of the ear with its function? External ear and amplification of sound Middle ear and amplification of sound Middle ear and transduction of sound External ear and transduction of sound

Middle ear and amplification of sound

``` All of the following are components of the inner ear except: Saccule Utricle Malleus Semicircular ducts ```

malleus

Which of the following is incorrect about the APEX of the basilar membrane? The apex is more flexible than the base. The hair cells at the apex responds to low frequency sound. The stereocilia at the apex are shorter. The apex is wider than the base.

The stereocilia at the apex are shorter

Which of the following correctly states how the hair cells function? Stereocilia deflect towards SHORTEST stereocilia--> closure of potassium ions--> calcium influx--> neurotransmitter release Stereocilia deflect towards SHORTEST stereocilia--> influx of potassium ions--> calcium influx--> neurotransmitter release Stereocilia deflect towards TALLEST stereocilia--> closure of potassium channels--> calcium influx--> neurotransmitter release Stereocilia deflect towards TALLEST stereocilia--> influx of potassium ions--> calcium influx--> neurotransmitter release

Stereocilia deflect towards TALLEST stereocilia--> influx of potassium ions--> calcium influx--> neurotransmitter release

Which of the following is true about the hair cells' innervation by CN VIII? Most of the afferent axons innervate inner hair cells and some of the efferent axons innervate outer hair cells. Most of the afferent axons innervate inner hair cells and most of the efferent axons innervate outer hair cells. There are no differences in the innervation of inner hair cells vs outer hair cells. Some of the afferent axons innervate inner hair cells and most of the efferent axons innervate outer hair cells.

Most of the afferent axons innervate inner hair cells and most of the efferent axons innervate outer hair cells

``` Where in the central auditory system does sound localization processing begin? Superior olivary nuclei Inferior colliculi Superior colliculi Inferior olivary nuclei ```

Superior olivary nuclei

Lesion(s) at which locations would cause an only right-sided sensorineural hearing loss? Right inner ear or left cochlear nerve Right cochlear nerve, right cochlear nucleus or right superior olivary nucleus Right cochlear nerve or left cochlear nucleus Right cochlear nerve or right cochlear nucleus.

Right cochlear nerve or right cochlear nucleus

Which of the following correctly pairs the vestibulospinal tract with its action? Lateral vestibulospinal tract and coordination of head and neck position. Lateral vestibulospinal tract and maintenance of upright standing posture. Medial vestibulospinal tract and maintenance of upright standing posture. Medial vestibulospinal tract and maintenance of upright sitting posture.

Lateral vestibulospinal tract and maintenance of upright standing posture

# Fill in the blanks: Hair cells in the ampullae are (1) in the direction of head turn and (2) on the side that the head turns away from. (1) stimulated (2) inhibited (1) inhibited (2) stimulated (1) stimulated (2) stimulated (1) stimulated (2) remain at baseline activity

1. stimulated 2. inhibited

A pathological nystagmus involving the vestibular nerve is defined by: An initial fast deviation of the eyes away from side of lesion and fast or corrective phase towards side of lesion generated by cerebral cortex. An initial fast deviation of the eyes towards side of lesion and slow or corrective phase in the opposite direction generated by cerebral cortex. An initial slow deviation of the eyes towards side of lesion and fast or corrective phase in the opposite direction generated by cerebral cortex. An initial slow deviation of the eyes away from side of lesion and fast or corrective phase towards side of lesion generated by cerebral cortex.

An initial slow deviation of the eyes towards side of lesion and fast or corrective phase in the opposite direction generated by cerebral cortex

Which of the following is correctly pairs the part of the eyeball with its function? Iris and relaxation of suspensory ligaments Cornea and secretion of aqueous humor Sclera and mechanical stability Ciliary muscle and pupil constriction

Sclera and mechanical stability

``` What separates the anterior chamber from the posterior chamber of the eyeball? Cornea Vitreous humor Retina Iris and pupil ```

Iris and pupil

Which of the following is true about the ciliary muscle? It is important for pupil dilation It is not necessary for the accommodation reflex or near response. It relaxes the suspensory ligaments of the lens, allowing the lens to round up for near vision Retina

It relaxes the suspensory ligaments of the lens, allowing the lens to round up for near vision

``` Place the following in the correct order of how the pupillary light reflex occurs: (1) Nuclei of Edinger-Westphal (2) Pretectal Nuclei (3) Retina (4) Optic nerve/chiasm/tract (5) Ciliary ganglia 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 3, 4, 2, 1, 5 ```

3 (retina), 4 (optic nerve/chiasm/tract), 2 (pretectal nuclei), 1 (nuclei of Edinger-Westphal), 5 (ciliary ganglia)

``` Which of the following is NOT required in the accommodation convergence reflex? Ciliary ganglion Edinger-Westphal Lateral geniculate nuclei Pretectal nuclei ```

Pretectal nuclei

``` All of the following would NOT affect the pupillary light reflex except a lesion in the: Optic nerve Visual radiations Optic tract Lateral geniculate nucleus ```

Optic nerve

``` Which of the following is FALSE about rods in the neural retina? They can be found in the fovea There is only one kind of rod They have low spatial resolution They have high light sensitivity ```

They can only be found in the fovea

In the visual pathway to convey information from photoreceptors to cerebral cortex: Rods and cones synapse first with bipolar cells which then synapse on horizontal cells. Rods and cones synapse first with ganglion cells which then synapse on bipolar cells. Rods and cones synapse first with horizontal cells which then synapse on bipolar cells. Rods and cones first synapse with bipolar cells which then synapse on ganglion cells.

Rods and cones first synapse with bipolar cells which then synapse on ganglion cells

``` Which two types of neurons promote lateral interaction within the retina? Bipolar cells and ganglion cells Bipolar cells and horizontal cells Horizontal cells and amacrine cells Amacrine cells and ganglion cells ```

Horizontal cells and amacrine cells

As a second neuron in the visual pathway arising from ganglion cells, the axons of the optic nerve: Should cross, but none of the axons do. Should cross, but some of the axons do not. Should not cross, but some of the axons do cross. Should not cross, but all of the axons cross.

Should cross, but some of the axons do not

# Fill in the blanks: The fibers that cross at the optic chiasm arise from the (1) half of each retina and represent information from the (2) half of each visual field. (1) Temporal (2) Temporal (1) Temporal (2) Nasal (1) Nasal (2) Nasal (1) Nasal (2) Temporal

1. Nasal 2. Temporal

What is the role of Meyer's loop in visual processing? Conveys information from the lower quadrants of visual hemifields. Conveys all information from the right eye. Conveys information from the upper quadrants of visual hemifields. Conveys all information from the left eye.

Conveys information from the upper quadrants of visual hemifields

``` A complete lesion of the optic chiasm by a pituitary tumor would cause: Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia Left homonymous hemianopsia Anopsia of the right eye Right homonymous hemianopsia ```

Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia

A contralateral homonymous quadrant anopsia WITH macular sparing could be due to: Defect in neurons of Meyer's loop directly Pituitary tumor Aneurysm of internal carotid artery Blockage of branches of posterior cerebral artery

Blockage of branches of posterior cerebral artery

Which of the following statements is TRUE? Lesions in visual pathways past the chiasm are contralateral and binocular. Lesions in visual pathways past the chiasm are ipsilateral and binocular. Lesions in visual pathways before the chiasm are ipsilateral and binocular. Lesions in visual pathways before the chiasm are contralateral and binocular.

Lesions in visual pathways past the chiasm are contralateral and binocular

``` The diencephalon is found mainly in the lateral wall of which ventricle? Fourth Second Lateral Third ```

Third

``` Which of the following glands is part of the diencephalon? Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland ```

Pineal gland

``` All of the following are components of the diencephalon EXCEPT: Mammillary body Part of the basal ganglia Dorsal thalamus Superior colliculi ```

Superior colliculi

``` Which nucleus relays information from the cranial nerves about touch and proprioception? Ventral anterior (VA) Anterior Ventral posterolateral (VPL) Ventral posteromedial (VPM) ```

Ventral posteromedial (VPM)

``` Which of the following nuclei is important for auditory processing? Medial geniculate Lateral geniculate Ventral posterolateral Anterior ```

Medial geniculate

Which two thalamic nuclei project to motor areas of the cortex? Ventral lateral and ventral anterior Lateral geniculate and medial geniculate Ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral Ventral anterior and anterior

Ventral lateral and ventral anterior

``` Which two hypothalamic nuclei send axons into the posterior pituitary? Paraventricular and supraoptic Arcuate and periventricular Arcuate and paraventricular Supraoptic and periventricular ```

Paraventricular and supraoptic

Which of the following is true about the pituitary gland? It originates from both the oral ectoderm and a ventral outgrowth of the hypothalamus A lesion to the tract between the hypothalamic nuclei and anterior pituitary may cause excess water consumption. The posterior pituitary is regulated by factors released from the hypothalamus into the portal circulation. It originates from only a ventral outgrowth of the hypothalamus.

It originates from both the oral ectoderm and a ventral outgrowth of the hypothalamus

``` A lesion to the hypothalamic portal system would affect the output of: Anterior pituitary Supraoptic nuclei Posterior pituitary Paraventricular nuclei ```

anterior pituitary

Each of the following describes nuclei found in the supraoptic zone of the hypothalamus except: Involved with secretion of vasopressin. Involved with secretion of oxytocin. Controls feeding and satiety. Receives direct retinal input.

controls feeding and satiety

``` Which of the following influences the behavior of the visceral functions of many hypothalamic nuclei? Thalamus Substantia nigra Amygdala Fornix ```

amygdala

Which of the following correctly pairs the zone of hypothalamus with a result of its stimulation? Posterior zone and increased gastrointestinal movement Posterior zone and decreased body temperature Anterior zone and increased sweating Anterior zone and reduction in heart rate

anterior zone and reduction in heart rate

How does daylight and darkness affect the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland? Daylight decreases; darkness increases Both decrease No effect Daylight increases; darkness decreases

Daylight decreases; darkness increases

Which of the following correctly describes the connection between the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and pineal gland? Direct SCN input to the pineal gland Indirect retinal SCN parasympathetic pathway Pineal gland's secretion is not controlled by the SCN. Indirect retinal SCN sympathetic pathway

Indirect reginal SCN sympathetic pathway

Calcification of the pineal gland may: Reduce the output of melatonin, causing insomnia. Increase the output of melatonin, causing insomnia. Reduce the output of melatonin, causing drowsiness. Increase the output of melatonin, causing drowsiness.

Reduce the output of melatonin, causing insomnia

The lateral sulcus or Sylvian fissure separates: The temporal lobe from the parietal and occipital lobes. The temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. The frontal lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes. The occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes.

The temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

Place in correct order moving anteriorly to posteriorly: Primary motor cortex, central sulcus, primary somatosensory cortex Central sulcus, primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex Primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, central sulcus Primary somatosensory cortex, central sulcus, primary motor cortex

Primary motor cortex, central sulcus, primary somatosensory cortex

``` The limbic system can be found in all of the lobes EXCEPT: parietal temporal frontal occipital ```

occipital

Which of the following statements is FALSE about association cortical areas? The layers are homotypical. There are six histologic layers in association cortical areas. Each functional lobe has a small area of association cortex. There are pyramidal and granule cell layers.

Each functional lobe has a small area of association cortex

``` In which cerebral lobe is the motor and premotor cortices located? occipital temporal frontal parietal ```

frontal

``` For which function are Brodmann numbered areas still used synonymously with functionally specific regions of cortex? taste vision movement language ```

language

According to its homunculus, the most medial aspect of the precentral gyrus controls: Sensation of the ipsilateral lower limb Sensation of the contralateral lower limb Movement of the contralateral lower limb Movement of the contralateral upper limb

Movement of the contralateral lower limb

``` Which of the following is NOT heavily represented in the sensory homunculus? Hands Face Upper limb Lips ```

Upper limb

A stroke involving the middle cerebral artery may result in: Ipsilateral upper limb spastic weakness and/or sensory loss Contralateral lower limb spastic weakness and/or sensory loss Contralateral upper limb spastic weakness and/or sensory loss Ipsilateral lower limb spastic weakness and/or sensory loss

Contralateral upper limb spastic weakness and/or sensory loss

The premotor and supplementary motor neurons anterior to the primary motor cortex are most important for: Movement of the upper and lower limbs Movement of the trunk Proprioception and mental rehearsal of movements Motor planning and mental rehearsal of movements

Motor planning and mental rehearsal of movements

A lesion to the prefrontal cortex would cause all of the following except: Impaired problem solving Acting inappropriately in social situations Decreased executive cognitive function Inability to move upper limbs

Inability to move upper limbs

The inferior frontal gyrus contains (1) and the middle frontal gyrus contains (2). (1) Motor speech center (2) Supplemental motor cortex (1) Premotor cortex (2) Supplemental motor cortex (1) Frontal eye field (2) Motor speech center (1) Broca's area (2) Frontal eye field

1. Broca's area 2. Frontal eye field

The area that integrates somatosensory input with other sensory modalities and assists in motor planning is called: Angular gyrus in parietal lobe Inferior parietal lobule in parietal lobe Superior parietal lobule in parietal lobe Premotor cortex in frontal lobe

Superior parietal lobule in parietal lobe

``` Where is the primary auditory cortex located? Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe ```

Temporal lobe

``` All of the following are located in the parietal lobe EXCEPT: Superior parietal lobule Motor speech center Angular gyrus Primary somatosensory cortex ```

Motor speech center

Where is the primary visual cortex located? Medial portion of occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine sulcus Lateral portion of occipital lobe only above the calcarine sulcus Medial portion of occipital lobe only above the calcarine sulcus Lateral portion of occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine sulcus

Medial portion of occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine sulcus

What is unique about the macular cortex? It has a dual blood supply from both posterior and middle cerebral arteries. It has a single blood supply from the posterior cerebral artery. It has a dual blood supply from both posterior and anterior cerebral arteries. It has a single blood supply from the anterior cerebral artery.

It has a dual blood supply from both posterior and middle cerebral arteries

Which of the following correctly states a projection of the primary visual cortex? "What" visual pathway that processes form and color in the parietal lobes "Where" visual pathway that processes movement and location in temporal lobes "What" visual pathway that processes form and color in the temporal lobes "Where" visual pathway that processes movement and location in occipital lobes

"What" visual pathway that processes form and color in the temporal lobes

Which of the following is TRUE about handedness and speech/language function? 95% of those right-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere and 30% of those left-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere. 95% of those right-handed have functions localized in RIGHT hemisphere and 30% of those left-handed have functions localized in RIGHT hemisphere. 95% of those right-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere and 70% of those left-handed have functions localized in RIGHT hemisphere. 95% of those right-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere and 70% of those left-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere.

95% of those right-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere and 70% of those left-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere.

``` All three major language centers (Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and angular gyrus) are supplied by branches of: Right middle cerebral artery Left anterior cerebral artery Left middle cerebral artery Right anterior cerebral artery ```

Left middle cerebral artery

``` Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia will exhibit all of the following EXCEPT: Fluent speech (but may misuse words) Difficulty putting words together Inability to comprehend spoken language Difficulty with repetition ```

Difficulty putting words together

The arcuate fasciculus connects: Broca's area in temporal lobe with Wernicke's area in frontal lobe Broca's area in temporal lobe with Angular gyrus in frontal lobe Broca's area in frontal lobe with Angular gyrus in parietal lobe Broca's area in frontal lobe with Wernicke's area in temporal lobe

Broca's area in frontal lobe with Wernicke's area in temporal lobe

``` In a typical non-dominant right hemisphere, locations similar to Broca's and Wernicke's areas on the left play a role in the: Comprehension of words Emotional content of speech Repetition of speech Fluency of speech ```

Emotional content of speech

Due to a lesion to the inferior parietal lobule of the RIGHT hemisphere, a person will NOT be able to: Integrate somatosensory input Repeat "no ifs, ands, or buts" Understand the emotional qualities of speech Take care of the left side of their body.

Take care of the left side of their body.

Which of the following correctly pairs the portion of the internal capsule with axons it contains? Posterior limb and descending axons from prefrontal cortex Posterior limb and thalamocortical axons Anterior limb and corticospinal axons Genu and corticobulbar axons

Genu and corticobulbar axons

Define the blood supply to the internal capsule: It has a blood supply from several small striate branches of cerebral arteries. It has a dual blood supply from both posterior and middle cerebral arteries. It has a single blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. It has a single blood supply from the anterior cerebral artery.

It has a blood supply from several small striate branches of cerebral arteries.

``` All of the following could be a result of a lacunar stroke involving the posterior limb of the internal capsule EXCEPT: Contralateral anesthesia Slight bilateral hearing loss Contralateral lower face weakness Contralateral hemiplegia ```

Contralateral lower face weakness

``` Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system? amygdala hippocampus cingulate gyrus occipital gyrus ```

occipital gyrus

``` Which of the following is not a function performed by the limbic system? memory processing coordination of movements emotions olfaction ```

coordination of movements

Which of the following is not true of olfactory processing? neurons in the olfactory epithelium project through the cribriform plate and synapse in the olfactory bulb the olfactory cortex contains a map of the sensory domain of the olfactory epithelium the olfactory system is the only sensory system that doesn't have to relay information through the thalamus the olfactory bulb sends axons to the piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex

the olfactory cortex contains a map of the sensory domain of the olfactory epithelium

Which of the following correctly pairs a structure with the type of long term memory it consolidates? amygdala - skills and habits basal ganglia - adjusting reflexes cerebellum - emotional associations medial temporal lobe - semantics (knowing facts)

medial temporal lobe - semantics (knowing facts)

``` Which of the following is not a component of the hippocampal formation? parahippocampal gyrus dentate gyrus subiculum hippocampus proper ```

parahippocampal gyrus

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the hippocampal formation? the fornix is the major afferent pathway into the hippocampal formation the amygdala adds emotional content to memory the dentate gyrus receives the majority of the input the entorhinal cortex provides majority of processed input from cortical areas

the fornix is the major afferent pathway into the hippocampal formation

``` Which of the following is degenerated in Korsakoff syndrome? subiculum cingulate gyrus mammillary body fornix ```

mammillary body

Which of the following does not distinguish Wernicke's encephalopathy from Korsakoff syndrome? - there is cerebellar and thalamic degeneration in Wernicke's - Wernicke's is characterized by gait ataxia - Wernicke's is characterized by abnormal eye movements - Wernicke's is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

Wernicke's is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

Which of the following is not true regarding Alzheimer's Dementia? neural degeneration begins in the entorhinal cortex, subiculum, and hippocampus proper alzheimer's patients have impaired declarative memory for events in time early in disease onset, patients have sensory and motor problems there is accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques

early in disease onset, patients have sensory and motor problems

``` Which of the following correctly describes the location of the amygdala? anterior basal forebrain superficial to the uncus rostral part of the temporal lobe lateral part of the temporal lobe ```

rostral part of the temporal lobe

Which of the following is not correct regarding the amygdala's function? it coordinates emotional responses it receives inputs from wide areas of the cerebral cortex and from the hypothalamus it uses visceral and somatic sensory inputs the corticomedial nuclei receive mostly inputs from external stimuli

the corticomedial nuclei receive mostly inputs from external stimuli

Which of the following is incorrect regarding addiction? addiction leads to an increase in serotonin in the nucleus accumbens addictive drugs increase dopamine release or inhibit dopamine re-uptake addiction is mediated by reward circuits via a mesolimbic projection inputs to the reward circuit that mediates addiction include the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex

addiction leads to an increase in serotonin in the nucleus accumbens