quiz questions exam 4

Question 1

the cranial root of the eleventh cranial nerve is annexed by which nerve?

Answer 1

the vagus nerve

Question 2

what will branchial efferent fibers from the cranial root of CN XI innervate?

Answer 2

intrinsic skeletal muscle of the larynx

Question 3

what locatoin gives rise to the spinal root of the eleventh cranial nerve?

Answer 3

spinal nucleus formed from the ventral horn spinal cord levels C1-C5

Question 4

what is unique about the eleventh cranial nerve?

Answer 4

it is the only cranial nerve to originate, in part, from the spinal cord and it is the only cranilal nerve to be associated with the foramen magnum

Question 5

what will branchial efferent fibers in the spinal root of cranial nerve XI innervate?

Answer 5

sternoclediomastoideus and trapezius muscle

Question 6

branches of the twelfth cranial nerve provide somatic efferent innervation to which extrinsic muscles fo the tongue?

Answer 6

genioclossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus

Question 7

recurrent meningeal branches from the twelfth cranial nerve will arise from what area of the cranial vault?

Answer 7

dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa

Question 8

peripheral processes from the sensory receptors in the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa will be conveyed from the twelfth cranial nerve to what nerve?

Answer 8

the ventral ramus of the first cervical nerve

Question 9

peripheral processes associated with the twelfth cranial nerve arise from pseudounipolar afferent neurons at what location?

Answer 9

the dorsal root ganglion of C1

Question 10

central processes from pseudounipolar afferent neurons associated with the twelfth cranial nerve synapse at what location?

Answer 10

dorsal horn oc C1

Question 11

what is the morphological classification of afferent neurons in the dorsal nerve root ganglion?

Answer 11

pseudounipolar neuron

Question 12

what is the morphological classification of motor neurons?

Answer 12

multipolar neuron

Question 13

what are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?

Answer 13

peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers?

Question 14

what part of an afferent neuron is conveyed in the dorsal nerve root?

Answer 14

central sensory process

Question 15

what are the subdivisions of the visceral division of the peripheral nerve system?

Answer 15

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

Question 16

what is the function of the enteric nerve system?

Answer 16

control of motility

exocrine & endocrine secretions

microcirculation and regulation of immune and inflammatory processes of the GI tract

Question 17

what are locations for neurons fo the enteric nerve system?

Answer 17

the myenteric plexus of Auerbach and the submucosal plexus of meissner

Question 18

what is the presumed role of the interstitial cell of Cajal?

Answer 18

they act as pacemakers for the slow wave, continuous peristaltic activity of the gut

Question 19

what function is primarily emphasized for the myenteric plexus of Auerbach?

Answer 19

peristaltic activity along the GI tract

Question 20

what function is primarily emphasized for the submucosal plexus of Meissner?

Answer 20

influence on the process of secretion/absorption of the gut

Question 21

other than ganglia or plexuses, in what additional location will neural crest cells associated with sympathetic division can be located?

Answer 21

adrenal medulla

Question 22

how many paravertebral ganglia are present in the adult?

Answer 22

21 pairs / 42 paravertebral ganglia

Question 23

the superior cervical ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia?

Answer 23

C1-C4 paravertebral ganglia

Question 24

the stellate ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia?

Answer 24

C7, C8, T1 paravertebral ganglia

Question 25

which paravertebral ganglia fuse to form the ganglion impar?

Answer 25

both sacrococcygeal ganglia fuse in the midline, S5 and Co1 paravertebral ganglia on both sides fuse in the midline

Question 26

what are the names fo th emost consistent prevertebral ganglia?

Answer 26

celiac superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric plexuses

Question 27

which of the prevertebral nerve plexuses are more likely to contain secondary sympathetic neuron cell bodies?

Answer 27

cardiac pulmonary celiac inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexuses

Question 28

based on the target cell innervated, what ar eth elcassifiactions given to postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers?

Answer 28

vasomotor pilomotor sudomotor secretomotor fibers

Question 29

which paravertebral ganglia give rise to pelvic splanchnic nerves?

Answer 29

none, these are parasympathetic efferent nerves

Question 30

what rami will communicate with the apravertebral ganglia?

Answer 30

white rami communicans gray rami communicans interganglionic rami communicans also splanchnic nerves

Question 31

what is the termination of the horizontal sympathetic neuronal pathway?

Answer 31

smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the parietawall of the thorax and upper abdomen; territory roughly corresponding to the T1-T12, L1-L2 dermatomes

Question 32

what is the termination fo the ascending sympathetic neuronal pathway?

Answer 32

smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the head, neck, and upper extremity

Question 33

in the descending pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?

Answer 33

in a aparavertebral ganglion lower than the paravertebral ganglion of origin

Question 34

in the splanchnic pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?

Answer 34

in a prevertebral ganglion or prevertebral plexus

Question 35

where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the vertebral artery?

Answer 35

inferior cervical ganglion

Question 36

postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers will become incorporated in what neuronal structure in the pathway to the eye?

Answer 36

internal carotid artery nerve plexus

Question 37

where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the thead?

Answer 37

superior cervical ganglion

Question 38

where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the adrenal gland pathway?

Answer 38

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

Question 39

which splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?

Answer 39

nervi erigentes or pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 40

where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the heart?

Answer 40

1) paravertebral ganglia of origin from T1-T4, T5 2) any cervical paravertebral ganglion 3) the cardiac plexus

Question 41

what is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery?

Answer 41

the aretery of adamkiewicz or the arteria radicalis magna anterior

Question 42

what are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?

Answer 42

it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral oramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement

Question 43

what iwll the intervertebral veins drain into?

Answer 43

the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson's plexus

Question 44

what is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column

Answer 44

they lack valves

Question 45

what is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics?

Answer 45

the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the psinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases

Question 46

what are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?

Answer 46

the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar and the vertebral artery

Question 47

what forms the lumbosacral tunnel?

Answer 47

- the lumbosacral ligament - transverse process of L5 - sacral ala

Question 48

what condition is the result of encroachment of the L5 spinal nerve?

Answer 48

the far out syndrome

Question 49

what are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body?

Answer 49

tuberculosis hemangiomas osteoporosis

Question 50

what are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class?

Answer 50

obesity pregnancy use of backpacks

Question 51

what is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?

Answer 51

it lacks any lamellar or layered organization

Question 52

what is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?

Answer 52

collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral/counterspiral organization is observed

Question 53

what is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?

Answer 53

qchanges in the histology of the cartilage end plate

Question 54

what are the sources of innervation of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 54

1) the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral + recurrent meningeal) 2) fibers from hte ventral primary ramus 3) fibers from the white ramus communicans 4) fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans 5) fibers from the gray ramus communicans

Question 55

what is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosuhe intervertebral disc?

Answer 55

the paradiscal ramus communicans

Question 56

what does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner become?

Answer 56

the perichordal disc

Question 57

what is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?

Answer 57

the intrasclerotomal fissure aka fissure of von Ebner

Question 58

what is ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as?

Answer 58

``` D.I.S.H. (D) - Diffuse (I) - Idiopathic (S) - Skeletal (H) - Hyperostosis ```

Question 59

what is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine?

Answer 59

a loss of hand and finger dexterity

Question 60

what is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?

Answer 60

it is a yellow elastic ligament

Question 61

what is the name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 61

the funicular layer or part

Question 62

what forms the ventral slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine?

Answer 62

a membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. It is penetrated by the contents of the intervertebral foramen

Question 63

What is the ADI?

Answer 63

the atlanto-dental interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

Question 64

what is the ADI of children?

Answer 64

about 4.5 mm

Question 65

what is the attachment sites for the accessory ligamentof the lateral atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 65

the base fo the odontoid process and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament of atlas

Question 66

what are the degrees of one side axial rotation facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 66

about 40 degrees one side axial rotation

Question 67

the occiput of C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?

Answer 67

about 60%

Question 68

what is the embryonic derviative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental; ligament?

Answer 68

the notochord

Question 69

what are attachment sites for the anterior atlanto-dental ligament?

Answer 69

the alar ligament and ipsilateral lateral mass of C1

Question 70

what are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane?

Answer 70

the posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the capsular ligamgent fo the atlanto-occipital joint and cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa

Question 71

which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion?

Answer 71

T11/T12 and T12/L1

Question 72

which of the current ligaments formt the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the il8iolumbar ligament of classical description?

Answer 72

the superior iliolumbar ligament

Question 73

which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion?

Answer 73

L5/S1

Question 74

list in order from cranila to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal canal?

Answer 74

membrana tectoria posterior longitudinal ligament deep doorsal sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 75

what is the auricular surface of the ilium composed of?

Answer 75

articular cartilage | interspersed with fibrocartilage

Question 76

what does ankylosis mean?

Answer 76

a condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint

Question 77

what passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament?

Answer 77

dorsal rami from the sacral spinal nerves

Question 78

which of the sternocostal or sternochondral ligaments is unique to the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint?

Answer 78

the intra-articular ligament

Question 79

what is thte classification of the sixth through the ninth interchondral joints?

Answer 79

diarthrosis arthrodia

Question 80

what points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?

Answer 80

nasion vertex inion gnathion

Question 81

what is unique about the ophthalmic artery and veins?

Answer 81

unlike other artery-vein comibinations, they will not share the same opening. The ophthalmic artery is in the optic canal, ophthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure

Question 82

what are the contents of the foramen spinosum?

Answer 82

the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal arter

Question 83

what forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 83

tentorium cerebelli

Question 84

what can the five layers of the scalp spell?

Answer 84

S C A L P ``` S - Skin C - Connective Tissue A - Aponeurosis L - Loose Connective Tissue P - Periosteum ```

Question 85

what are the major constituents of the five layers of the scalp?

Answer 85

``` skin neurobvascular muscular loose connective tissue periostem ```

Question 86

which muscles lack any attachment to bone?

Answer 86

orbicularis oris procerus risorius

Question 87

what is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?

Answer 87

lamina papyracea

Question 88

identify the opening(s) found along each wall of the orbit

Answer 88

- superior wall: optic canal - medial wall: anterior ethmoid and posterior ethmoid foramina - lateral wall: superior orbital fissure - inferior wall: inferior orbital fissure

Question 89

what are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra?

Answer 89

tarsal gland or Meibomian gland and ciliary gland

Question 90

what are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball?

Answer 90

iris ciliary body choroid pupil